Usb Receiver Au-87 Driver Download

In contrast, a balanced connection uses two wires for the signal (much like the telephone circuit), with the signal equal in amplitude in each wire, but opposite in phase. Only the out of phase signal is detected by the remote balanced receiver, and any in phase (common mode) signal is rejected. RF interference and other noise will be picked up equally by both wires in the cable and so will be in phase. It will therefore be rejected by the receiver. In this way, it is possible to have long interconnects, with the shield connected at one end only. This cuts the earth loop, and the balanced connection ensures that only the wanted signal is passed through to the amplifier(s).

Note that for both transmitter and receiver, it is essential that 1% (or better) tolerance resistors are used. If you include a trimpot to allow trimming to obtain exact gain then you could use 5% resistors, and you will be able to adjust the circuit to get maximum common mode rejection - however I recommend that you use the 1% metal film resistors. For the small extra cost you get much higher stability and lower noise.

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The receiver has an optional 3.3k resistor across the inputs (RO) to help balance the input against minor variations in cable impedance betweenthe individual lines. The 220pF capacitor is for HF rolloff, and will attenuate any RF that might get picked up by the lead. Any common mode signal - where both leads provide a signal of the same polarity to the receiver circuit; typically noise - is rejected, leaving only the wanted signal.

With the values shown, there is a very slight overall gain (transmitter + receiver) of just under 1.3dB. This is unlikely to be a problem. The circuit is designed to send the maximum level possible across the balanced cable, and any attenuation should be performed at the receiver. This will reduce any noise picked up by a useful margin. If you need to change the gain, then both R10 and R11 need to be changed - they must be exactly the same value. For example, increasing both to 15k will provide an overall gain of 4.8dB and reducing both to 4.7k will give an overall gain of about -5.3dB.

Although this transmitter and receiver pair will probably allow the use of unshielded interconnects, I don't recommend this. Use a good quality shielded twin microphone cable. The earthing of the shield should normally be done at the receiver end, but in some cases you might find that the noise rejection is better if the transmitter end is earthed. Experimentation will be needed, and often both ends will be earthed. One trick that often works well is to connect the 'floating' end of the shield to earth with a 100nF multilayer ceramic capacitor.

It is possible to run this unit with the signal leads also carrying the power for the receiver. We could use conventional phantom feed (using a 48V supply), but it is easier to use a differential feed, with the +ve and -ve supply voltages on the signal leads. The basic scheme is shown in Figure 3. This may be found to reduce common mode rejection, and it is essential that the power is completely noise free, or it will become part of the signal! If this method is to be tried, use the trimming option so the supply feed resistors can be catered for. Alignment with a battery will no longer be possible, and a signal generator will have to be used - with coupling capacitors to each signal line.

The voltage to the receiver opamp is reduced by this technique, and the maximum signal level will be reduced too. Only by experimenting will you be able to determine the exact power losses and maximum signal level attainable. The tests I did indicate that you should not expect more than about 1V RMS, but you might get more depending on the opamp used for the receiver. The power feed resistors also load the transmitter, and reduce its output capability somewhat. You will have to use NE5532 or OPA2134 opamps to drive the circuit because of the low impedance load. Each driving opamp has an effective load of less than 750 ohms.

You will also want to experiment with a low-power opamp as the receiver, as this will allow a higher supply voltage and more signal before distortion. As shown, the output voltage assumes a 3mA load. I strongly suggest that you do not use a TL072 for the receiver, because they don't like low voltages and the source can easily overdrive the inputs. All TL0xx series opamps suffer from an output polarity inversion if the common mode voltage limit is exceeded.

The shield will now have to be connected at each end, but one end can be earthed using a 10 Ohm resistor, which should be bypassed with a 100nF capacitor. Again, experimentation is needed to determine which end should have the 'hard' earth. Make sure that the connectors are polarised so that power cannot be connected the wrong way around. Diodes may be added if desired to provide reverse-polarity protection. These should be in parallel with the receiver filter caps (C+ve and C-ve), because a series connection will reduce the voltage further (there is not a lot to start with, so a further reduction would be inadvisable).

The response graph shows the measured frequency response with the differential feed, a balanced line driver (Figure 1) and receiver (Figure 2). The signal is 1dB down at 10Hz and 30kHz, which is pretty good considering the overall simplicity of the circuits.

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The balanced transmitter and receiver described in Project 51 work very well, but both are less than optimum under difficult conditions. Uwe has written an article (published on The Audio Pages) describing an active balanced transmitter that has performance almost equivalent to a transformer. There are ICs available that (almost) manage the same thing, and the principle uses feedback to equalise the levels from each transmitter opamp.

The receiver is shown in Figure 1, and as shown does not have any RF protection. This configuration is somewhat better behaved than that shown in the original article, and presents exactly the same impedance to each of the balanced lines in the cable. This is also the case with the original version shown, but only if the source is also balanced.

Both the transmitter and receiver circuits require at least 1% tolerance resistors, or common mode rejection will be unacceptable. Even with 1% tolerance, the worst case rejection is only 40dB, and if you can use your multimeter to match the resistors to closer tolerance this will improve the performance.

Although the transmitter and receiver are shown with (mainly) 33k and 10k resistors respectively, these may be changed if desired. Any value between 10k and 100k could be used, but remember that higher value resistors create more thermal noise. R7 and R9 in the Figure 3 transmitter are approximately 1.2 times the other resistors - the next E12 value up. For example, if you elected to use 22k resistors throughout, then R7 and R9 would be 27k. Also remember that for the transmitter's input, the impedance is 1/3 of the resistor value used - 10k resistors would therefore give an input impedance of about 3k.

Now, before you get all horrified, let's have a proper look at what is happening. The main trick with a balanced circuit is that the receiver should 'see' the same impedance on each input. It doesn't actually care that much if there is signal on either or both wires (indeed, that is merely an expectation on our part), but even if the wanted signal is only on one wire, any induced noise will still be common mode, and will still be in phase across both wires. The noise gets cancelled either way, and the signal gets amplified, which is just what we want.

In most cases, this will work just as well as a true balanced output circuit, for the simple reason that it is a true balanced circuit. From the perspective of the balanced input circuit (the receiver), this arrangement provides exactly the same signal quality as if the circuit were fully (signal) balanced, but the signal is -6dB compared to a circuit with a balanced signal. This is rarely a limitation. Although 150 ohm resistors are shown for the balancing network, these can be changed if desired (I suggest a minimum of ~100 ohms though). Normally, I would expect that the values shown will be fine for almost all applications (effective output impedance is 300 ohms).

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