Additional information, including return instructions to claim the personal exemption for an unborn child with a detectable heartbeat, will be issued later this year along with other tax changes impacting Tax Year 2022 Georgia individual income tax returns.

So much happens during pregnancy. Our bodies do amazing things during this journey to create new life. Once you become pregnant, the lining of your uterus thickens and its blood vessels enlarge to nourish your baby. As your pregnancy progresses, the uterus expands to make room for the growing baby. By the time your baby is born, your uterus will be many times its normal size.


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Amniotic Sac: A thin-walled sac that surrounds the baby during pregnancy. The sac is filled with amniotic fluid which is a liquid made by the baby and the amnion (the membrane that covers the fetal side of the placenta). The amniotic sac protects the fetus from injury and helps to regulate his temperature.

Umbilical Cord: A rope-like cord connecting the baby to the placenta. The umbilical cord contains two arteries and a vein that carry oxygen and nutrients to the fetus and waste products away from the baby.

Uterus (also called the womb): The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ located in a woman's lower abdomen, between the bladder and the rectum, that sheds its lining each month during menstruation. When a fertilized egg (ovum) becomes implanted in the uterus, the baby develops there.

At around 18 weeks of pregnancy, your unborn baby will start being able to hear sounds in your body like your heartbeat. At 27 to 29 weeks (6 to 7 months), they can hear some sounds outside your body too, like your voice. By the time they are full term, they will be able to hear at about the same level as an adult. In other words, this is a great time to start reading and singing to them.

Reading to your baby has benefits that will carry over into the rest of their life. The earlier you begin, the more you can help boost their language skills. As they grow, they'll also start recognizing books, the stories they tell, and the pictures they contain.

You already know your baby will reach motor milestones like rolling over, sitting by themselves, and walking. But did you know that when you start reading to them early, they will also reach early literacy milestones? Here are some of the reading-related behaviors you can look for:

Fetal surgery is a highly complex surgical intervention to repair birth defects in the womb that requires the most expert care for both mother and unborn baby. Improved fetal imaging and diagnostic tools have allowed us to identify more precisely when conditions worsen during fetal development. This knowledge has helped us develop new ways to help babies sooner while in utero. Today, fetal therapy is recognized as one of the most promising fields in pediatric medicine, and prenatal surgery (surgery before birth) is becoming an option for a growing number of babies with birth defects.

Our fetal surgery experts are pioneers in fetal medicine with the greatest collective experience in the world. Learn about our surgical expertise, multidisciplinary team approach, and commitment to patient safety that means the best outcomes for your baby.

If an adult has been exposed to lead over a long time or has had high levels of lead in their blood in the past, the lead stored in their bones can be released into the blood during pregnancy. This means that the level of lead in their blood can start to increase during pregnancy. If a person is exposed to lead during their pregnancy, their developing baby can also be exposed.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV), a common cause of vaginal discharge in women of childbearing age, is a polymicrobial clinical syndrome resulting from a change in the vaginal community of bacteria. Although BV is often not considered an STD, it has been linked to sexual activity. Women may have no symptoms or may complain of a foul-smelling, fishy, vaginal discharge. BV during pregnancy has been associated with serious pregnancy complications, including premature rupture of the membranes surrounding the baby in the uterus, preterm labor, premature birth, chorioamnionitis, as well as endometritis.8 While there is no evidence to support screening for BV in pregnant women at high risk for preterm delivery,21 symptomatic women should be evaluated and treated. There are no known direct effects of BV on the newborn.

Chlamydia is the most common sexually-transmitted bacterium in the United States.4 Although the majority of chlamydial infections (including those in pregnant women) do not have symptoms, infected women may have abnormal vaginal discharge, bleeding after sex, or itching/burning with urination. Untreated chlamydial infection has been linked to problems during pregnancy, including preterm labor, premature rupture of membranes, and low birth weight.5 The newborn may also become infected during delivery as the baby passes through the birth canal. Exposed newborns can develop eye and lung infections.

Gonorrhea is a common STD in the United States. Untreated gonococcal infection in pregnancy has been linked to miscarriages, premature birth and low birth weight, premature rupture of membranes, and chorioamnionitis.6 Gonorrhea can also infect an infant during delivery as the infant passes through the birth canal. If untreated, infants can develop eye infections. Because gonorrhea can cause problems in both the mother and her baby, it is important for providers to accurately identify the infection, treat it with effective antibiotics, and closely follow up to make sure that the infection has been cured.

Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). A mother can transmit the infection to her baby during pregnancy. While the risk of an infected mother passing HBV to her baby varies, depending on when she becomes infected, the greatest risk happens when mothers become infected close to the time of delivery.14 Infected newborns also have a high risk (up to 90%) of becoming chronic HBV carriers themselves.15 Infants who have a lifelong infection with HBV are at an increased risk for developing chronic liver disease or liver cancer later in life. Approximately 25% of infants who develop chronic HBV infection will eventually die from chronic liver disease.13 By screening your pregnant patients for the infection and providing treatment to at-risk infants shortly after birth, you can help prevent mother-to-child transmission of HBV. Information on mother-to-child transmission of HBV can be found at

Hepatitis C is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), and can be passed from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy. In general, an infected mother will transmit the infection to her baby 10% of the time, but the chances are higher in certain subgroups, such as women who are also infected with HIV.16 In some studies, infants born to HCV-infected women have been shown to have an increased risk for being small for gestational age, premature, and having a low birth weight.15 Newborn infants with HCV infection usually do not have symptoms, and a majority will clear the infection without any medical help.

Syphilis is primarily a sexually-transmitted disease, but it may be transmitted to a baby by an infected mother during pregnancy. Transmission of syphilis to a developing baby can lead to a serious multisystem infection, known as congenital syphilis. Recently, there has been a sharp increase in the number of congenital syphilis cases in the United States. Syphilis has been linked to premature births, stillbirths, and, in some cases, death shortly after birth.7 Untreated infants that survive tend to develop problems in multiple organs, including the brain, eyes, ears, heart, skin, teeth, and bones.

However, even in this one case reported, it is not clear when Covid was transmitted. The infection may have occurred at the time of delivery, because when the placenta was examined, it did not show any specific evidence of being affected by Covid (known as Covid placentitis), which would have been expected if infection had gone from mum via placenta to baby in the womb.

While this study is reassuring and shows very low risk from maternal infection affecting the unborn baby, it is known that if women get Covid during their pregnancy then they themselves are often more unwell and can be at greater risk of severe outcomes such as having to go to the intensive care unit compared with women who are not pregnant.

Prenatal care is essential to the overall health and wellness of you and your unborn child. The sooner you begin receiving medical care during pregnancy, the better the health outcomes will be for you and your unborn baby.

Results:  Premonition that something had happened to their baby, a sense based on a lack of movements were experienced. Six categories describe the mother's insight that the baby's life was threatened: not feeling in touch with their baby; worry feeling something is wrong; not understanding the unbelievable; wanting information; and being certain that their baby had died. The overarching theme "There is something wrong" was formulated.

Smoking while pregnant exposes you and your unborn child to an increased risk of serious health problems. Passive smoking can also affect you and your unborn child. Australian studies showed that about 9 per cent of women smoked during pregnancy in 2019.

If you smoke while pregnant you are at increased risk of a wide range of problems including miscarriage and premature labour, You are twice as likely to give birth to a low birth weight baby compared to a mother who does not smoke. Low birth weight babies are at greater risk of death and are more vulnerable to infection, breathing difficulties and long-term health problems in adulthood.

The more cigarettes you smoke during your pregnancy, the greater your risk of complications and having a low birth weight baby. But cutting down the number of cigarettes you smoke does not reduce most of the risks to you and your baby. Stopping smoking completely early in your pregnancy best protects the health of you and your baby. But quitting at any time helps reduce harm. 006ab0faaa

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