Formatting

Style

As an author, you have full responsibility for ensuring that your ETD is correct in content and form. Before you submit your ETD to the Graduate School, you must make sure that all pages are present and in the following order:

One blank page

Title Page

Dedication*

Acknowledgements or Preface Foreword

Abstract**

Table of Contents^

List of Tables (with titles and page references)*

List of Figures (with titles or abbreviated captions and page references)*

List of Illustrations (with titles and page references)*

List of Abbreviations*

List of Symbols*

Appendices*

References or Bibliography

Vita

One blank page

Artwork, maps, or other material for pockets*

*May not be relevant in all cases and may be omitted.

**Students submitting a creative thesis for the Master of Arts in English must submit a preface instead of an abstract.

^You should list and identify in the Table of Contents any appendices which cannot be bound within the text, such as artwork, maps, disks, or other materials placed in pockets inside the cover.

Request the Graduate School staff review selected pages of your work before you submit the final version of your ETD. A representative sample might include a table, pages with footnotes, the title page, the first page of a chapter, a page from the bibliography, a page from an appendix, and a page with one or more subheadings (if any). Review of sample pages should aid in the preparation of the final product and does not imply pre-approval of the final document.

Typeface

Typefaces comparable to those used in scholarly journals are acceptable, such as Courier, Times New Roman, Helvetica, and Arial. The same font size and face should be used throughout the ETD.

The font size for the body of your text is 12 points (equivalent to elite type), and superscripts and subscripts must be not be over two points smaller than the font size used for the body of the text. Fonts two or more points larger than 12 are not acceptable for headings or emphasis. At the discretion of the author, bolding may be used sparingly and for emphasis. Use italics in place of underlining.

Photography and Illustration

Photographs and colored illustrations used in the ETD must be of professional quality. Care should be taken to align photographs between margins. Colored photographs and illustrations are acceptable. If you want to ensure that a bound copy containing the colored photographs and illustrations will be returned to you, please include your instructions when you submit your ETD through ProQuest.

Margins

All copies of the ETD must have uniform margins as indicated below:

Left: All left-hand margins throughout the ETD must be at least one- and one-half inches. This margin ensures sufficient room for binding the work.

Right: All right-hand margins must be at least one inch throughout.

Bottom: The bottom margin must be at least one inch throughout (except for page numbers).

Top: The top margin must be at least one inch throughout (except for page numbers).

The exceptions to the one-inch top margin are the Title Page, Abstract, Dedication, first page of the Acknowledgements or Preface (if applicable), first page of the Table of Contents, the first page of each chapter (including the Introduction), and all pages which begin over two inches from the top of the page.

Printing, Spacing, and Indentation

The text of the ETD must appear in a single column on each page. It must be double-spaced except for blocked quotations, notes, captions, legends, and long headings, which are to be single-spaced with a space between items. All headings should conform to specifications given by the style manual selected for typing your document. Spacing your text two lines apart is especially important if you use superscript and subscript characters. The spacing of your ETD must be uniform throughout.

Paragraphs should be indented five spaces, or the equivalent to the tab key, consistently throughout the ETD. Blocked quotations should be indented five spaces from the left and right margins and should be single-spaced. Indent the first line of a blocked paragraph another five spaces.

Pagination

Each page that is a part of the ETD must be counted. The number may not always appear on the sheet itself. Small Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, iv, etc.) are used to number the table of contents, list of figures, etc. These should appear at the acknowledgements or preface page, although the counting or numbering of the ETD begins with the title page. No page number should appear on the title page, copyright, dedication, or vita although all should be included in the counting of pages.

Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) are used to number the remainder of ETD. The count of Arabic numeral 1 begins with the introduction if your ETD includes this section or chapter one if it does not. All text, illustrations, appendices, notes, reference lists, or bibliography materials should be counted.

Pages of visual materials used in the ETD must be assigned a number but the number need not appear. Page numbers should not appear on the first page of the body of your text or on the first page of each new chapter. These pages should be counted when you paginate the ETD, but the page numbers should be omitted. Page numbers that use letters, hyphens, periods, or parentheses such as 1a, 1-2, -1-, 1., and (1) should not be used. Position all page numbers in the same place on each page throughout the entire ETD, including introductory pages, text, appendices, and bibliography. You may position page numbers in one of three ways:

1. In the upper right-hand corner of the page, one-half inch (three lines) from the top of the page and one inch from the right edge; or

2. Centered at the bottom of the page, one-half inch (three lines) from the bottom edge of the page; or

3. As close to the positions described above as your word processor allows (if your software automatically positions page numbers and you cannot adjust them).

If your ETD contains landscape-oriented pages (pages in which the top of the page is the long side of a sheet of paper), make sure that your page numbers appear in the same place as they do on other sheets (on the short side). Ignore the landscape orientation of your text when positioning page numbers.

Widowed and orphaned lines are unacceptable in your ETD. A widowed line is a single line of text at the bottom of a page with the rest of a paragraph continuing on the next page. An orphaned line is a single line of text at the top of a page with the rest of the paragraph left behind on the previous page. This situation can be corrected in most word processing programs by activating the widow/orphan setting that controls page breaks before you print out the final copy of your ETD.

Footnotes, Endnotes, and In-text References

Depending on the style manual or journal standard you adopt for your ETD, you may use footnotes (at bottom of the text page), endnotes (at end of each chapter or at the end of text), or in-text parenthetical references (corresponding to a reference list at the back of your ETD).

If your style manual or journal standard requires footnotes for citing published or unpublished materials, place the footnote at the bottom of the page. Footnotes should be separated from the text by a solid line one or two inches long, beginning at the left- hand margin on the first line below the text. If the footnote is more than one line long, it should be single-spaced, with the first line indented the same number of spaces as the paragraph indention used in the text (five spaces). A double-space should separate each footnote when more than one footnote appears on a page. Footnote format must be consistent throughout the ETD. Dividing a footnote may be necessary if it is long and cannot be accommodated in the space remaining at the bottom of one page. To maintain the required margins, break the note within a sentence and carry the remainder into the footnote area of the next page, where it will precede the footnotes for that page (if there are any). Do not indicate the continuation of a footnote by a statement such as “continued on the next page.”

Some disciplines have accepted the practice of placing footnotes at the end of each chapter, referred to as endnotes. Using endnotes is acceptable to the Graduate School; however, true footnotes placed at the bottom of the page are preferred because they allow a reader to follow the text continuously without having to move back and forth from the text to notes in a bound work.

You must number all footnotes or endnotes consecutively using Arabic numerals. You may number notes continuously, repeating no numbers, through the entire ETD. Alternatively, you may repeat note numbers with each new chapter, numbering the first note in each new chapter with the number 1. Note numbers should precede the note, be placed slightly above the line (superscripted), and leave no extra space between the number and the note.

In-text referencing is accomplished by placing the referenced author’s name (or names), followed by a comma and the year of publication, in parentheses directly following the location where the reference is being discussed, used, or compared. The full reference is to be placed in the reference section in alphabetical order by author’s name. This referencing technique, used extensively in psychology and education, is simple to use and allows the reader ready access to the full citation at the end of the document. End-of-chapter references should not be used when following the in-text reference procedure.

References

All ETDs will contain references and you must list all of them in the references section of the ETD. You must follow the chosen style manual or journal standard for this purpose. Suggested headings for this section include: List of References, Literature Cited, Works Cited, or References Cited. Entries must be listed alphabetically by author, editor, agency, or institution. Hanging indention is required, and a single space should be used within entries followed by a double space between. References must be listed in the same font type and size as the body text.

Bibliography

A listing of all materials consulted to prepare your ETD is a bibliography. A bibliography is optional but can be included in any ETD. If used, the references must be arranged in alphabetical order by the author’s last name. Depending on the style manual chosen for your ETD, bibliographic entries may differ from discipline to discipline. You must consult your chosen style manual for proper form.

Using abbreviations in the bibliography and footnotes is acceptable if the form is consistent throughout. Your use of abbreviations must conform with your chosen style manual. When listing works in a bibliography, you must provide complete titles for articles, books, and other sources. Suggested headings for this section include: Bibliography, Selected Bibliography, References, or Sources Consulted. Your major professor can advise you regarding terminology.

Appendices

Appendices comprise supplementary, informational, or illustrative material too lengthy to include in the text. Appendices must be labeled on the top margin, either at left-hand side or centered, and should be listed sequentially using capital letters, Roman, or Arabic numerals. Consult your chosen style manual for appendices.

Appendices always appear near the end of the ETD and are placed before the bibliography and reference sections. When there is more than one appendix, you must assign each appendix a number or a letter heading (for example: Appendix A, Appendix 1, or Appendix I) and a descriptive title. The heading and title for each appendix should be centered on the page and typed in all caps. All headings and titles must appear in the table of contents. Subsequent pages of multi-paged appendices are titled: Appendix A (continued). Number all tables and figures consecutively from the text, or separately as A-1, A-2, etc. The appendices must conform to the same margin regulations as the rest of the ETD. All appendix pages should be numbered with Arabic numerals using the same guidelines described in the pagination section.

Computer printouts used in the appendices must meet margin requirements. Computer printouts used in an appendix do not have to be in the same typeface as the body of the ETD, although they must be clean, clear, and legible. The print quality of the printout must meet the standards of the Graduate School to be included in the ETD.

Oversized Materials

Oversized tables, figures, or other illustrative material should be electronically reduced or scaled to fit on one page or continued to the next page with the notation: Table 1 (continued). Oversized maps, musical scores, graphs, etc. should be folded right to left only. The fold must meet the standard page size and margin guidelines. Do not fold the page(s) beyond the one- and one-half inch left-hand margin required for binding your ETD. Ideally, the piece should be at least one-half inch smaller than text pages to avoid being cut in the binding process.

Accepted Style Guides

American Chemical Society. Handbook for Authors of Papers in the Journals of the American Chemical Society. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.

American Psychological Association. Publication Manual. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Modern Language Association of America (MLA). MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.

Scientific Style and Format (CSE). Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers.

The Chicago Manual of Style. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

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