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At the 2021 NATO Summit in Brussels, Allies endorsed a Comprehensive Cyber Defence Policy, which supports NATO's three core tasks, as well as its overall deterrence and defence posture. Allies reaffirmed NATO's defensive mandate and committed to employing the full range of capabilities to actively deter, defend against and counter the full spectrum of cyber threats at all times, including by considering collective responses. Responses need to be continuous and draw on elements of the entire NATO toolbox that includes political, diplomatic and military tools. Allies also recognised that the impact of significant malicious cumulative cyber activities might in certain circumstances be considered an armed attack that could lead the North Atlantic Council to invoke Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty, on a case-by-case basis. The nature of cyberspace requires a comprehensive approach through unity of effort at the political, military and technical levels. The 2021 policy and its corresponding action plan drive activities across these three levels.

Additionally, at the Vilnius Summit, Allies restated and enhanced NATO's Cyber Defence Pledge, and committed to ambitious new national goals to further strengthen national cyber defences as a matter of priority, including critical infrastructures. Allies also launched NATO's Virtual Cyber Incident Support Capability (VCISC) to support national mitigation efforts in response to significant malicious cyber activities. Allies further agreed to seek to develop mutually beneficial and effective partnerships as appropriate, including with partner countries, international organisations, industry and academia, furthering NATO's efforts to enhance international stability in cyberspace.

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The NATO Cyber Security Centre (NCSC), based at Supreme Headquarters Allied Command Europe (SHAPE) in Mons, Belgium, protects NATO's own networks by providing centralised and round-the-clock cyber defence support. This capability evolves on a continual basis and maintains pace with the rapidly changing threat and technology environment.

To facilitate an Alliance-wide common approach to cyber defence capability development, NATO also defines targets for Allied countries' implementation of national cyber defence capabilities via the NATO Defence Planning Process.

NATO helps Allies to enhance their national cyber defences by facilitating information-sharing and the exchange of best practices, and by conducting cyber defence exercises to develop national expertise. Similarly, individual Allies may, on a voluntary basis and facilitated by NATO, assist other Allies to develop their national cyber defence capabilities.

NATO conducts regular exercises, such as the annual Cyber Coalition Exercise, and aims to integrate cyber defence elements and considerations into the entire range of Alliance exercises, including the Crisis Management Exercise (CMX). NATO is also enhancing its capabilities for education and training, including the NATO Cyber Range, which is based at a facility provided by Estonia. In November 2023, NATO will hold the first comprehensive NATO Cyber Defence Conference in Berlin, bringing together decision-makers across the political, military and technical levels.

NATO has a number of practical tools to enhance situational awareness and facilitate information exchange, including points of contact with the national cyber defence authorities in all Allied capitals. A dedicated Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) sets out arrangements for the exchange of a variety of cyber defence-related information and assistance to improve cyber incident prevention, resilience and response capabilities.

Technical information is also exchanged through NATO's Malware Information Sharing Platform, which allows indicators of compromise to be shared rapidly among Allied cyber defenders, reinforcing the Alliance's overall defence posture.

The NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCDCOE) in Tallinn, Estonia is a NATO-accredited multinational and interdisciplinary cyber defence hub for recognised expertise, and focuses on cyber defence education, consultation, lessons learned, and research and development. It is not part of the NATO Command Structure.

The NATO Communications and Information (NCI) Academy in Oeiras, Portugal provides training to personnel from Allied (as well as non-NATO) countries relating to the operation and maintenance of NATO communications and information systems. The NCI Academy also offers cyber defence training and education.

Cyber defence is one of the areas of strengthened cooperation between NATO and the EU as part of the two organisations' increasingly coordinated efforts to counter hybrid threats. NATO and the EU share information between cyber response teams and exchange best practices. Cooperation is also being enhanced in areas including training, research and exercises, with tangible results in countering cyber threats. The Technical Arrangement on Cyber Defence between the NATO Computer Incident Response Capability (now known as the NATO Cyber Security Centre) and the Computer Emergency Response Team for the EU institutions, bodies and agencies (CERT-EU) provides a framework for exchanging information and sharing best practices between emergency response teams.

In line with the 2023 concept to enhance the contribution of cyber defence to NATO's overall deterrence and defence posture, as endorsed by Allies at the 2023 Vilnius Summit, NATO and its Allies are working to strengthen their engagement with industry and academia through information-sharing, exercises, and training and education.

The Cyber Defence Committee, subordinate to the North Atlantic Council, is the lead committee for political governance and cyber defence policy. The NATO Consultation, Command and Control Board constitutes the main committee for consultation on technical and implementation aspects of cyber defence. The NATO Military Authorities and the NATO Communications and Information Agency bear specific responsibilities for identifying the statement of operational requirements, acquisition, implementation and operating of NATO's cyber defence capabilities. Allied Command Transformation is responsible for the planning and conduct of the annual Cyber Coalition Exercise.

Although NATO has always protected its communications and information systems, the 2002 NATO Summit in Prague first placed cyber defence on the Alliance's political agenda. Allied leaders reiterated the need to provide additional protection to these information systems at the 2006 NATO Summit in Riga.

In June 2011, NATO Defence Ministers approved the second NATO Policy on Cyber Defence, which set out a vision for coordinated efforts in cyber defence throughout the Alliance within the context of the rapidly evolving threat and technology environment.

At the 2012 NATO Summit in Chicago, Allied leaders reaffirmed their commitment to improving the Alliance's cyber defences by bringing all of NATO's networks under centralised protection and implementing a series of upgrades to NATO's cyber defence capability.

In February 2014, Allied Defence Ministers tasked NATO to develop a new, enhanced cyber defence policy that addressed collective defence, assistance to Allies, streamlined governance, legal considerations and relations with industry.

At the 2014 NATO Summit in Wales, Allies endorsed a new cyber defence policy. In this policy, cyber defence was recognised as part of NATO's core task of collective defence, which means that a cyber attack could be grounds to invoke Article 5 of NATO's founding treaty. Allies also recognised that international law applies in cyberspace.

In September 2014, NATO launched an initiative to boost cooperation with the private sector on cyber threats and challenges. Endorsed by Allied Leaders at the Wales Summit, the NATO Industry Cyber Partnership (NICP) was presented at a two-day cyber conference held in Mons, Belgium, where 1,500 industry leaders and policy makers gathered to discuss cyber collaboration. The NICP recognises the importance of working with industry partners to enable the Alliance to achieve its cyber defence objectives.

Also at the Warsaw Summit, Allies committed through a Cyber Defence Pledge to enhancing the cyber defences of their national networks and infrastructures, as a matter of priority. Each Ally pledged to improve its resilience and ability to respond quickly and effectively to cyber threats, including as part of hybrid campaigns.

Also in February 2017, NATO and Finland (which was, at the time, a partner country and acceded to NATO in 2023) stepped up their engagement with the signing of a Political Framework Arrangement on cyber defence cooperation. The arrangement allows NATO and Finland to better protect and improve the resilience of their networks.

In December 2017, NATO and EU ministers agreed to step up cooperation between the two organisations in a number of areas, including cyber security and defence. Areas of cooperation include the analysis of cyber threats and collaboration between incident response teams, as well as the exchange of good practices concerning the cyber aspects and implications of crisis management.

At the 2023 NATO Summit in Vilnius, Allies endorsed a new concept to enhance the contribution of cyber defence to NATO's overall deterrence and defence posture. It will enhance NATO's shared situational awareness and cyber resilience, making the Alliance more secure and better able to mitigate the potential for significant harm from cyber threats.

At the Vilnius Summit, Allies also restated and enhanced the Cyber Defence Pledge and committed to more ambitious goals to strengthen national cyber defences as a matter of priority, including for critical infrastructures. Recognising the need to receive assistance swiftly, NATO also launched the Virtual Cyber Incident Support Capability (VCISC) to support national mitigation efforts in response to significant malicious cyber activities. Leaders also announced the first comprehensive NATO Cyber Defence Conference in Berlin in November 2023, to bring together decision-makers across the political, military and technical levels. 17dc91bb1f