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In protecting residents from toxic substances, DOEE focuses its efforts on the identification, management, and disposal of hazardous waste, registering and applying pesticides, installing and safely removing underground storage tanks, and restoring contaminated land.

To date, most studies assessing the etiology of ASD have examined the body burden of one or more toxicants in the affected individual and/or the mother of the affected individual. With very few exceptions, the limitations of such studies include failure to identify dose, frequency of exposure(s), and timing of exposure(s) to the various toxicants. In addition, the general mobility of families makes it difficult to identify the local environment during which the critical exposure(s) might have occurred.

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Nevertheless, Palmer et al. (2006) found a significant increase in the rates of special education students and autism rates associated with increases in environmentally released mercury in the State of Texas (U.S.A). Furthermore, Palmer et al. (2008) found, in the same state, that there was correlation between the increase in autism rate and power plant emission. An independent inverse association of distance of residence to the industrial or power plant emission sources and the rate of autism was reported. Another study suggested a potential association between autism and estimated metal concentrations, and possibly solvents in ambient air in children who were born in the San Francisco Bay area in 1994 (Windham et al. 2006). We now report our initial observation of a considerable overlap of identified toxic landfills in the State of New Jersey and the residence of an ASD cohort currently under the care of the Pediatric Neurologist (XM). On further investigation, we were able to correlate a list of identified toxic Superfund sites on a state-by-state basis together with the total number of diagnosed cases of ASD, again on a state-by-state basis. Here again, we see a considerable overlap and, of importance, this overlap is stronger for the relationship of ASD than for the total population. Since living in the near proximity of either toxic landfills or superfund sites will lead to repeated exposures to mixtures of toxicants, we believe these observations provide general support for our hypothesis noted above.

From: -nj/The number of the autism spectrum disorders cases in a specific county is color coded according to the density scale in the insert. These data represent the cases seen at the Autism Center from 1998 to 2006, not population based prevalence. Each red dot represents a toxic landfill site.

Land contamination can result from a variety of intended, accidental, or naturally occurring activities and events such as manufacturing, mineral extraction, abandonment of mines, national defense activities, waste disposal, accidental spills, illegal dumping, leaking underground storage tanks, hurricanes, floods, pesticide use, and fertilizer application.

Nationally, there are thousands of contaminated sites of varying size and significance in settings ranging from abandoned buildings in inner cities to large areas contaminated with toxic materials from past industrial or mining activities.

Many sites, particularly the largest and most severely contaminated, are tracked at the national level, but many others are tracked only at state or local levels. No single comprehensive data source tracks the full extent of contaminated land in the United States.

In 2008, EPA expanded the scope of its national tracking efforts to include all the types of sites that fall under its purview, as well as estimates of the acreage attributed to those sites. The number and status of contaminated sites changes frequently as sites are newly contaminated (e.g., via spills or natural disasters such as hurricanes), discovered, documented, and cleaned up.

EPA and its partners oversee hundreds of thousands of facilities to prevent releases into communities.1 Sites are categorized in a variety of ways, often based on the level and type of contamination and the regulations under which they are monitored and cleaned up.

To make matters worse, multiple contaminated sites are found on traditional subsistence lands, locations that Alaska Natives have harvested for centuries. Part of the ecosystem for decades now, some of these toxins have seeped into the food chain. For example, recent study discovered that marine life near affected areas contain significant amounts of PCBs.

The U.S. Department of Defense is responsible for cleaning the Formerly Used Defense Sites, in accordance with the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act. However, they are not responsible for cleanup of privately owned defense sites, which technically includes any land conveyed under ANCSA.

As people grew sick, and more attention was brought to the contaminated sites, Alaska Native communities faced an additional problem: they were now responsible for cleaning up toxic land that they had not contaminated themselves, per the legal dynamics.

It is believed that gene by environmental interactions contribute to the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We hypothesize that ASD are associated with early and repeated exposures to any of a number of toxicants or mixtures of toxicants. It is the cumulative effects of these repeated exposures acting upon genetically susceptible individuals that lead to the phenotypes of ASD. We report our initial observations of a considerable overlap of identified toxic landfills in the State of New Jersey and the residence of an ASD cohort, and a correlation between the identified toxic Superfund sites on each U.S. state and the total number of diagnosed cases of ASD in those states. The residence of 495 ASD patients in New Jersey by zip code and the toxic landfill sites were plotted on a map of Northern New Jersey. The area of highest ASD cases coincides with the highest density of toxic landfill sites while the area with lowest ASD cases has the lowest density of toxic landfill sites. Furthermore, the number of toxic Superfund sites and autism rate across 49 of the 50 states shows a statistically significant correlation (i.e. the number of identified superfund sites correlates with the rate of autism per 1000 residents in 49 of the states (p = 0.015; excluding the state of Oregon). These significant observations call for further organized studies to elucidate possible role(s) of environmental toxicants contributing to the pathogenesis of ASD.

In the past five years, California has disposed of more than 660,000 tons of contaminated soil in Arizona landfills and nearly a million tons at a Utah landfill, according to data in a state tracking system. That includes hazardous waste from the Mission Bay redevelopment in San Francisco, military base cleanups in San Diego and transportation authority projects in San Bernardino County.

California has also adopted its own testing requirements. Both federal- and state-required lab tests essentially try to mimic landfill conditions to see how much of a contaminant might leach into groundwater. The tests vary in terms of how long they last, the amount of dilution and the acid used.

Some liken the area to the land along the River Nile, said Valerie Welsh-Tahbo, director of the Colorado River Indian Tribes Museum and a former tribal council member. The river cutting through the desert landscape creates rich soil for farming melons, cotton and alfalfa, she said.

The Department of Toxic Substances Control oversees or manages numerous environmental remediation projects around the state. The biggest cleanup is at the site of an old battery recycling facility called Exide in the Los Angeles County community of Vernon. For years, the department has been cleaning up toxic waste on site and in the surrounding neighborhoods, digging up soil littered with lead.

Ogunseitan said he understood the engineering of landfills has changed over the years and that modern designs are more protective. But little risk is not the same as no risk, he said, and contaminants can be a danger generations from now.

Cynthia Babich was also on the committee. Babich is director of the Del Amo Action Committee, an environmental justice organization that formed in response to community concern over Superfund sites in Los Angeles County. She said the advisory panel looked at various alternatives to excavating soil and dumping it at landfills. These were technologies to treat contaminated soil on site.

Officials are once again taking a close look at how the state handles its toxic materials and could make changes. The review is part of a 2021 law that, among other things, is requiring the state to prepare a hazardous waste management plan.

One company appears to be banking on the continued flow of California hazardous waste. A company called Promontory Point Resources is currently trying to get a permit from Utah regulators to operate a landfill that could take out-of-state waste, including contaminated soil from California.

The proposed landfill sits on the tip of Promontory Point, a peninsula jutting down into the Great Salt Lake. The facility is roughly half a mile from the edge of the lake and accessible from Ogden via a bumpy railroad causeway. The drive yields expansive views of the surrounding mountains and, on a recent visit, the sight of an eagle perched atop a wooden utility pole.

Compass Minerals, a company with facilities near the landfill, has also raised concerns. The company uses brine from the lake to produce minerals for fertilizers used in fruit, tree nut and vegetable crops.

Seven years later, they learned their land was riddled with chemicals called PFAS, a family of thousands of toxic compounds known as "forever chemicals" because of how long they last in the environment.

The four main types of brownfield site pollution are heavy metals, electronic waste, petrochemical pollutants and persistent organic pollutants. Once in the soil, petrochemical and organic pollutants, in particular, can enter the human body through flower beds, pipes and other routes, and land can remain toxic for up to a century. Some pollutants, such as poly-aromatic hydrocarbons, are carcinogens, which can also affect the wider population through the groundwater. e24fc04721