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Triclosan (TCS) is a multi-purpose antimicrobial agent used as a common ingredient in everyday household personal care and consumer products. The expanded use of TCS provides a number of pathways for the compound to enter the environment and it has been detected in sewage treatment plant effluents; surface; ground and drinking water. The physico-chemical properties indicate the bioaccumulation and persistence potential of TCS in the environment. Hence, there is an increasing concern about the presence of TCS in the environment and its potential negative effects on human and animal health. Nevertheless, scarce monitoring data could be one reason for not prioritizing TCS as emerging contaminant. Conventional water and wastewater treatment processes are unable to completely remove the TCS and even form toxic intermediates. Considering the worldwide application of personal care products containing TCS and inefficient removal and its toxic effects on aquatic organisms, the compound should be considered on the priority list of emerging contaminants and its utilization in all products should be regulated.

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Currently, TCS and its degraded byproducts are found throughout the environment, including soil, surface waters, and human breast milk [14,15,16,17,18]. The continuous detection of TCS and its degradation products has led to debate on safety, effectiveness and regulation of TCS usage. Various studies shed light on the emerging health concerns related to the use of TCS, such as microbial resistance, dermal irritations, endocrine disruption, higher incidence of allergies, altered thyroid hormone metabolism and tumors development due to TCS and its by-products [19,20,21]. Unlike other emerging contaminants (ECs), such as organochlorine compounds, pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), TCS is not considered as a chemical pollutant with high priority concerns. Low acute toxicity and assumption of not to show chronic side effects, TCS usage is not well regulated [22,23]. This leads to widespread use of TCS in various household products, thus causing an increase in TCS concentration in the aquatic and terrestrial environment.

Its close structure resemblance to certain estrogens triggered masculinization of secondary characters in rice fishes [84]. A recent study by James et al. [85] pointed out that TCS can inhibit the estrogen sulfotransferase activity in sheep placenta which would cause negative effects in the fetus development. Although toxicity reports in humans from chronic usage of PCPs containing TCS as an active ingredient are not available, still it has been widely studied in laboratory animals. During chronic oncogenicity studies in mice, rats, and hamsters, treatment-related tumors were found only in the liver of male and female mice [23]. Application of the human relevance framework advocated that these tumors arose due to a mode of action which is not considered to be pertinent to humans [23]. However, Yueh et al. [86] found that long term exposure to TCS in mice enhances hepatocellular carcinoma. This mechanism of TCS induced liver carcinoma in mice and it should be evaluated as these findings strongly support the relevance of TCS toxicity to humans.

The repeated exposure to chlorine in water treatment facilities can chlorinate TCS. Chlorinated TCS is discharged from a WWTP, and sunlight can convert it into more toxic dioxins [135]. According to U.S.EPA, 2,4-DCP is a priority pollutant, and is considered to be toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms [56,136]. 2,4-DCP is used in the manufacture of certain pesticides, antiseptics, and disinfectants. Moreover, in the presence of solar radiation, the 2,4-DCP further breaks down and may produce more highly chlorinated dioxins [137].

Purpose : Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is toxic to the metabolism of retinal pigment epithelium resulting in oxidative stress and cell death. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNP) are catalytic and regenerative antioxidants which protect against oxidative damage. Our aim was to investigate the antioxidant effects of CNP against HCQ induced reactive oxygen species on human retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE19) cells.

Methods : CNP at various concentrations (10-500 M) were added to ARPE19 cell cultures for 48 hours to assess the safety of the nanoparticles. HCQ at various concentrations (50-500 M) were added to ARPE19 cell cultures for 48 hours to determine a model toxicity dose for HCQ of 250 M. Then concentrations of CNP (10, 50, and 100 M) were combined with ARPE19 cells in 250 M of HCQ for 48 hours (Figure 1). Cell viability was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.

Results : ARPE19 cells exposed to CNP at concentrations up to 500 M did not induce cell toxicity. Exposure of HCQ did reduced cell viability with increasing quantity when compared to controls. CNP did mitigate cell toxicity when added to HCQ at 250 M. Interestingly cell viability was highest at the lowest concentration of CNP 10 M.

Previously, Taapsee Pannu had lashed out at several people on Twitter who pointed out similar issues with Haseen Dillruba. Responding to filmmaker and municipal councillor Yasmin Kidwai's tweet commenting about the film's depiction of 'toxic masculine love', and 'a woman needing to prove herself in the kitchen while being denied any rights for herself', Taapsee wrote, "If we want films to not reflect the society we live in and constantly present what is the ideal world to be in then I think we should stop raising voice against all those powers too that suppress the voice of cinema when reality is projected." e24fc04721