Middle-grade books are published for children 9 to 11 years old and are generally 100-150 pages. Stories show a little more complexity, sub-plots, and a larger cast of characters (Kelms, 2009). Middle-grade fiction serves as a bridge between simple children’s stories and reading materials that are more emotionally or thematically advanced. Typically, middle-grade fiction focuses on a character’s personal development, from who they are, what their values should be, and how they should interact with others. The answers to these are often answered by their friends, family, and other people in their immediate world (Salao 2022).

Nonfiction books reveal the world around by sharing facts and information about a variety of topics. These books are straightforward, but might also include the author's bias as developed through shared information, neglected information, and word choice (Kelms, 2009).