"Hic etiam homines magna cornua habentes longitudine quatuor pedum, et sunt etiam serpentes tante magnitudinis, ut unum bovem comedant integrum." Borgia map (c. 1430 AD), Vatican Library.
We will survey the subgroup structure of groups that are non–positively curved in senses such as CAT(0), CAT(-1), and hyperbolic — apparently benign classes of groups that can harbour geometric and computational wildness in their subgroups.
Likely topics include Dehn functions, distortion, the Rips Construction, Mihailova's Construction, Bestvina–Brady groups, Cannon–Thurston maps, and the apparent ubiquity of surface subgroups.
We will emphasise grasping the definitions and basic examples, and setting the main theorems and outstanding open problems in context.
This is a seminar in which the participants will take turns to present. There are no prerequisites for attendance other than a willingness to participate. We will work on improving presentation skills and will disseminate our findings through a blog.
Sources by topic
Background — Bridson universe of finitely presented groups — Bridson's 2006 ICM article
Rips' Construction
Rips, Subgroups of small cancellation groups, Bull. London Math Soc., 14(1):45–47, 1982
Section 5.1 in Bridson's 2006 ICM article
Application to constructing hyperbolic groups with subgroups of distortion not bounded above by a recursive function (see Gromov's Asymptotic Invariants of Infinite Discrete Groups, Pittet's thesis and Arzhantseva–Osin)
Baumslag, Miller, and Short, Unsolvable problems about small cancellation and word hyperbolic groups
Subgroups of Fn × Fn
Mihailova's Construction
K. A. Mihailova, The occurrence problem for direct products of groups, Dokl. Acad. Nauk SSRR 119 (1958), 1103-1105
Bogopolski and Ventura, A recursive presentation for Mihailova's subgroup
Application to relating subgroup distortion in F2 × F2 to the Dehn functions of finitely presented groups: Theorem 2 in Olshaknii and Sapir's, Length and area functions on groups and quasi-isometric Higman embeddings
Finitely presented subgroups: see references to Grunewald, Baumslag–Roseblade, Short, Bridson–Wise in the introduction to Bogopolski–Ventura
Finiteness properties and subgroups of Fn × ··· × Fn
Stallings' group
Stallings, A finitely presented group whose 3-dimensional integral homology is not finitely generated, Amer. J. Math., 85:541–543, 1963
Section 4.4 of Murray Elder's thesis includes a good summary of different presentations for Stallings' group
Beiri–Stallings groups
R. Bieri. Homological dimension of discrete groups. Queen Mary Lecture Notes, 1976
Section 2.4 of N. Brady, Dehn Functions and Non-Positive Curvature, CRM Notes
Appendix D of Kai-Uwe Bux, Groups and Space, Volume 1: Groups
Bestvina–Brady Groups — subgroups of right–angled Artin groups
Distortion of finitely presented (or, better, finite–rank free) subgroups in CAT(0) or hyperbolic groups
Z–subgroups are undistorted
Dison and Riley's Hydra groups — CAT(0) groups with hugely distorted free subgroups
Barnard, Brady & Dani's, Super-exponential distortion of subgroups of CAT(-1) groups
Mitra's examples: in Section 5 of Cannon-Thurston maps for trees of hyperbolic metric spaces
Dison, N. Brady and Riley's hyperbolic hydra — hyperbolic groups with hugely distorted free subgroups
Baumslag, Bridson, Miller, and Short, Fibre products, non-positive curvature, and decision problems — groups G that are both CAT(0) and hyperbolic and yet such that G × G has a finitely presented subgroup whose distortion is not bounded above by any recursive function. See also the 1-2-3 Theorem: 5.16 in III.Gamma of Bridson and Haefliger, Metric Spaces of Non-Positive Curvature.
Dehn functions of subgroups of CAT(0) groups
Bridson's exponential example: end of chapter 6 in Part III.Gamma of Bridson and Haefliger, Metric Spaces of Non-Positive Curvature
Section 2 of N. Brady, Dehn Functions and Non-Positive Curvature, CRM Notes
Dison's thesis, J. Group Theory, and Bull. Lond. Math. Soc. articles
Abrams, N. Brady, Dani, Duchin, and Young, Pushing fillings in right-angled Artin groups
Subdirect products of surface groups or limit groups or hyperbolic groups
Bridson and Miller, Recognition of subgroups of direct products of hyperbolic groups — the world of finitely presented subgroups of the product of three hyperbolic groups is shown to be wild
Bridson, Howie, Miller, Short, Subgroups of direct products of limit groups
Bridson, Howie, Miller, Short, Finitely presented residually free groups
Bridson, Howie, Miller, Short, Subgroups of direct products of surface groups
The Tits alternative for hyperbolic groups and for CAT(0) groups
The Tits Alternative for hyperbolic groups is proved in Gromov, Hyperbolic groups, In Essays in group theory, vol. 8 of Math. Sci. Res. Inst. Publ., pages 75–263, Springer, 1987
The Tits Alternative for CAT(0) groups is open
Section 7 of Bridson, Problems concerning hyperbolic and CAT(0) groups
Sageev and Wise, The Tits Alternative for CAT(0) Cubical Complexes
Question about the existence of fake planes — Problem 1.9 in McCammond's survey and Question 2.1 in Bridson's problem list
Finitely presented subgroups of hyperbolic groups
Brady's example of a non–hyperbolic finitely presented subgroup of a hyperbolic group
Section 4 of Bridson, Problems concerning hyperbolic and CAT(0) groups
Section 2.6 of N. Brady, Dehn Functions and Non-Positive Curvature, CRM Notes
N. Brady, Clay, Dani Morse theory and conjugacy classes of finite subgrousp II
Cannon–Thurston Maps
Question (Gromov). Does every 1-ended word-hyperbolic group contain a hyperbolic surface group?
Section 4 of Bridson, Problems concerning hyperbolic and CAT(0) groups
Gordon, Long and Reid, Surface subgroups of Coxeter and Artin groups
Kahn and Markovic, Immersing almost geodesic surfaces in a closed hyperbolic three manifold
Gordon and Wilton, On surface subgroups of doubles of free group
Wilton, One-ended subgroups of graphs of free groups with cyclic edge groups
Textbooks / General References
N.Brady, Riley, Short, The Geometry of the Word Problem for Finitely Generated Groups
Bridson and Haefliger, Metric Spaces of Non-Positive Curvature
Bux, Groups and Spaces, Volume I: Groups, Volume II: Spaces
Meier, Groups, Graphs and Trees: An Introduction to the Geometry of Infinite Groups
Lists of open questions
— Our meetings are 75 minutes long. Please prepare a one-hour talks. We will use the remaining time to discuss our blog and complete feedback forms.
— Do not try to say too much.
— The aim of your talk should not be to convince me that you have understood a lot of mathematics. Rather, your aim should be to communicate some interesting mathematics to the group.
— Choose carefully what material to present in detail and what to give in overview. I suggest focussing on communicating the key definitions, the basic examples, the major theorems, and the outstanding open questions. Presenting the contexts of the big results is likely to be more interesting and more realistic than giving technical details of their proofs.
— I will meet presenters a week ahead of their talks to discuss and help with their plans.
— Please feel free (encouraged!) to ask questions in talks — discussion enhances seminars.
— Please acknowledge your sources.
— Please think about how you will present your talk. Here are some discussions on giving mathematics talks.
Jordan Ellenberg, Tips on giving talks and associated blog posts here and here
Joe Gallian, Advice on Giving a Good PowerPoint Presentation
Our Blog — Here there be dragons
Resources on blogging mathematics
LaTeX2WP: a program by Luca Trevisan that converts LaTeX into something that can be cut and pasted into WordPress
John Baez, AMS opinion piece on Math Blogs and an associated blog page