Lynch argues that for any given city, a corresponding set of mental images exist in the minds of the people who experience that city. Contributing to those images are five qualities which Lynch identifies as Paths, Edges, Districts, Nodes, and Landmarks.[1]
Following this remark, in his book "The Image of the City" (1960), Lynch begins an analysis around the elements that constitute what he considers to be the image of the city. While introducing, describing, and illustrating these elements as physical, perceptible objects, Lynch considers that other non-physical factors such as history, function, or even the name of the city also play a significant role in the construction of this imageability.
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The elements that make up the image of the city can also be recognized and interpreted in different ways depending on the observer and the context in which they are examined. So the following aerial images presented to illustrate Lynch's five elements of city image reveal a shifting, overlapping categorization associated with a specific point of view.
Junctions, a crossing or convergence of paths, and moments of shift from one structure to another are some of the examples of city nodes cited by Lynch. Although these elements always evoke the idea of movement, the author claims that nodal points can be both connections and concentrations, as is the case of a street-corner hangout or an enclosed square. These features become clear when observing the aerial images of La Plata, Argentina, as well as the Plaa de Tetuan in Barcelona, Spain, because both show nodal points formed by the intersection of streets and the presence of squares.
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Districts are large sections of the city pulled together by a central, identifying character. These two-dimensional elements are most apparent when experienced from the inside (while still recognizable when viewed from the outside) and whose urban experience offers features, atmosphere, or opportunities unique to itself. Lynch explains that most people perceive their cities as a series of districts and whose images are greatly shaped by unique spatial identity.
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Wayfinding is everywhere in the built environment and acts at multiple scales at once. At the city level it exists in the design of the transit systems, signage, streets and sidewalks, to name a few. A large entertainment complex has its own ecosystem of wayfinding. Airports are notorious for their wayfinding. Everything from campuses to train stations to retail centers are each maintaining their own ecosystem while playing a role in the larger context of the district or city. At some point the scale shifts from the vehicular to the pedestrian level. Libraries get very specific about their wayfinding and supermarkets get somewhat deceptive about theirs. Layered experiences of wayfinding occur right up to your front door. Those experiences may be good and imageable, and thus useful for wayfinding design, or they may be poorly planned or executed and not useful at all.
What does the city's form actually mean to the people who live there? What can the city planner do to make the city's image more vivid and memorable to the city dweller?
In The Image of The City, Kevin Lynch, supported by studies of Los Angeles, Boston, and Jersey City, answers these questions and formulates a new criterion - imageability - and shows its potential value as a guide for the building and rebuilding of cities.The wide scope of this study leads to an original and vital method for the evaluation of city form.
What does the city's form actually mean to the people who live there? What can the city planner do to make the city's image more vivid and memorable to the city dweller?
In The Image of The City Kevin Lynch, supported by studies of Los Angeles, Boston, and Jersey City, answers these questions and formulates a new criterion - imageability - and shows its potential value as a guide for the building and rebuilding of cities.The wide scope of this study leads to an original and vital method for the evaluation of city form.
The architect, the planner, and certainly the city dweller will all want to read this book.
What does the city's form actually mean to the people who live there? What can the city planner do to make the city's image more vivid and memorable to the city dweller? To answer these questions, Mr. Lynch, supported by studies of Los Angeles, Boston, and Jersey City, formulates a new criterion--imageability--and shows its potential value as a guide for the building and rebuilding of cities.The wide scope of this study leads to an original and vital method for the evaluation of city form. The architect, the planner, and certainly the city dweller will all want to read this book.
Unlike the situationists, who tried to draw the sentimental map of the city according to their own interpretation, Lynch tries to draw the mental map of the average citizen. Getting that image from the brains of those citizens onto paper, Lynch reasons, is the first step in measuring the success or failure of the landscape designer, the urban planner, and the architect. Because Lynch argues that, just as orientation (in the jungle, in the desert, in the sea) is one of the basic skills of survival, an urban landscape that offers adequate spatial orientation will favor the vitality of public space.
Lynch himself recognizes the limitations of the method. The main one is the difficulty that for many people is the mere fact of drawing what is in their head, of faithfully transferring to paper the inner image of the city. But also the problem of selecting a sufficiently large group so that the different socio-demographic groups are correctly represented in the sample. There is another obstacle more of a psychological nature, and it has to do with the difference between the image we remember when we are asked to draw the map and the image we use to make inmediate decisions, for example, when we have to decide which direction to take at an intersection.
And finally, Lynch points to a fourth problem. In his view, the method fails to capture well the interrelationships between elements of the city, nor the changes in the image of the city over time (the maps produced are static).
What does the city's form actually mean to the people who live there? What can the city planner do to make the city's image more vivid and memorable to the city dweller? To answer these questions, Mr. Lynch, supported by studies of Los Angeles, Boston, and Jersey City, formulates a new criterion--imageability--and shows its potential value as a guide for the building and rebuilding of cities. The wide scope of this study leads to an original and vital method for the evaluation of city form. The architect, the planner, and certainly the city dweller will all want to read this book.
Lynch refers to two distinct types of nodes. Some nodes are junctions of paths and are therefore often transportation-related, while others may simply be a concentration of some type of use or characteristic. Nodes are important to the whole of how a city is perceived because they are related to the concept of path, since they often represent path junctions. They are similarly related to the concept of district since junctions are often prominent features within them. Lynch asserts that nodal points are to be found in almost every mental image of a place, and in some cases they may represent the most dominant feature.
I, too, hope that planners may build upon Lynch's work to provide greater opportunities for participation. Banerjee, Hack, and Southworth suggest social media platforms like Twitter and Instagram can now enable citizens to share with planners the relationships they see within the city in real time, providing planners with a dynamic image of the city.
Furthermore, the author identifies five elements that contribute to the notion of imageability or legibility of a city, an important factor to enhance human experiences while interacting with the cityscape.
1- The dichotomy of external and internal interactions with the various elements is one of the components that makes them so comprehensive in expressing an urban environment. Landmarks and edges are elements that are observed from the outside, and they provide direction and definition without a necessary close proximity to the observer. Districts, paths and nodes, however, are more experienced internally, with the user utilizing them in a physical way. Of course all of the elements can be used both externally and internally, but I believe the mixing of the two concepts in the creation of an image of a city makes it that much richer.
According to Lynch, the city is about the way the people perceive it. He called it as imageability. Some elements in the city gives people more than only information. In the book those elements called as paths, edges, districts, nodes and landmark.
There seems to be a public image of any given city which is the overlap of many individual images. Or perhaps there is a series of public images, each held by some significant number of citizens. Such group images are necessary if an individual is to operate successfully within his environment and to cooperate with his fellows. Each individual picture is unique, with some content that is rarely or never communicated, be457b7860
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