The Human Brain An Introduction To Its Functional Anatomy Pdf Download

"This book is an engaging overview of the human brain. Its focus is to provide readers with all the foundational knowledge needed to explore neuroanatomy and, in many instances, neurophysiology with greater focus."

Practice of a novel task leads to improved performance. The brain mechanisms associated with practice-induced improvement in performance are largely unknown. To address this question we have examined the functional anatomy of the human brain with positron emission tomography (PET) during the naive and practiced performance of a simple verbal response selection task (saying an appropriate verb for a visually presented noun). As a control state, subjects were asked to repeat the visually presented nouns. Areas of the brain most active during naive performance (anterior cingulate, left prefrontal and left posterior temporal cortices, and the right cerebellar hemisphere), compared to repeating the visually presented nouns, were all significantly less active during practiced performance. These changes were accompanied by changes in the opposite direction in sylvian-insular cortex bilaterally and left medial extrastriate cortex. In effect, brief practice made the cortical circuitry used for verbal response selection indistinguishable from simple word repetition. Introduction of a novel list of words reversed the learning-related effects. These results indicate that two distinct circuits can be used for verbal response selection and normal subjects can change the brain circuits used during task performance following less than 15 min of practice. One critical factor in determining the circuitry used appears to be the degree to which a task is learned or automatic.

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The brain is the most complex part of the human body. This three-pound organ is the seat of intelligence, interpreter of the senses, initiator of body movement, and controller of behavior. Lying in its bony shell and washed by protective fluid, the brain is the source of all the qualities that define our humanity. It is the crown jewel of the human body.

This fact sheet is a basic introduction to the human brain. It can help you understand how the healthy brain works, how to keep your brain healthy, and what happens when the brain doesn't work like it should.

The uppermost part of the brainstem is the midbrain, which controls some reflex actions and is part of the circuit involved in the control of eye movements and other voluntary movements. The forebrain is the largest and most highly developed part of the human brain: it consists primarily of the cerebrum and the structures hidden beneath it (see "The Inner Brain").

The brain and the rest of the nervous system are composed of many different types of cells, but the primary functional unit is a cell called the neuron. All sensations, movements, thoughts, memories, and feelings are the result of signals that pass through neurons. Neurons consist of three parts: the cell body, dendrites, and the axon.

The brain is one of the hardest working organs in the body. When the brain is healthy it functions quickly and automatically. But when problems occur, the results can be devastating. NINDS supports research on hundreds of neurological disorders. Knowing more about the brain can lead to the development of new treatments for diseases and disorders of the nervous system and improve many areas of human health.

Neuroimaging methods are used with increasing frequency in clinical practice and basic research. Designed for students and professionals, this course will introduce the basic principles of neuroimaging methods as applied to human subjects research and introduce the neuroscience concepts and terminology necessary for a basic understanding of neuroimaging applications. Topics include the history of neuroimaging, an introduction to neuroimaging physics and image formation, as well as an overview of different neuroimaging applications, including functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, perfusion imaging, and positron emission tomography imaging. Each will be reviewed in the context of their specific methods, source of signal, goals, and limitations. The course will also introduce basic neuroscience concepts necessary to understand the implementation of neuroimaging methods, including structural and functional human neuroanatomy, cognitive domains, and experimental design.

The MT also impacted brain energetics on multiple levels. The POST group, and to a lesser extent the PERI group, exhibited hypometabolism in parieto-temporal cortices, consistent with previous reports in women at risk for AD9,10,11. However, in the present study, regional CMRglc largely plateaued post-menopause, suggesting adaptation to a new metabolic baseline after prolonged estrogen deficiency. Additionally, CBF and ATP production in temporo-parietal regions were elevated post-menopause, and ATP levels positively correlated with global cognition. Our findings of higher CBF in women than in men are consistent with the literature23, and further indicate that MT modulates CBF sex differences in midlife. To our knowledge, there are no previous studies of MT effects on brain ATP production in humans. Altogether, present results provide novel evidence for in vivo neurovascular-neurometabolic dissociations during the MT. Typically, regional brain activity, CMRglc, and CBF are coupled24. Dissociation can occur with aging, pathology, and inflammation24, or as a compensatory response25. While data in humans are scarce, preclinical evidence indicates that estrogen loss during MT triggers CMRglc declines26, prompting an adaptive reaction to increase ketone bodies utilization as an alternative fuel for ATP27. Continued reliance on ketones leads to compromised mitochondrial function, WM catabolism, and cellular apoptosis in animals26,27. In light of preclinical work, the higher CBF and ATP levels observed in our POST women may reflect a compensatory reaction to glucose hypometabolism, as well as a means to increase ketone metabolism.

Overall, present findings show that human menopause is a dynamic neurological transition that reshapes the neural landscape of the female brain during midlife endocrine aging, and provide preliminary evidence for an adaptive process serving the transition into late life.

Secondly, due to the orthogonality, and therefore independence, of the connectome harmonics corresponding to different frequencies (wavenumbers), the set of all connectome harmonics provides a function basis (a new coordinate system or representation) to describe and analyse any spatio-temporal pattern of cortical activity, independent of the imaging modality, experimental design and even species. Although in this work we demonstrate the application of this novel technique for the human connectome, it can be extended to any other mammalian brain, given its structural connectivity. Hence, connectome harmonics provide a new frequency-specific language to describe spatio-temporal patterns of neural activity and open the door to a new dimension of tools available to probe brain dynamics across various species and technologies.

In summary, in this work we introduce a new connectome-specific representation of cortical activity patterns and dynamics, which extends the Fourier basis to the structural connectivity of the thalamo-cortical system. Remarkably, when expressed in this new analytic language, RSNs of the human brain overlap with the connectome harmonic patterns of certain frequencies. We demonstrate the self-organization of these connectome-specific harmonics patterns from the interplay of neural excitation and inhibition in coupled dynamical systems as described by neural field models. Interestingly, due to the emergence of these harmonic patterns in various natural phenomena, ranging from acoustic vibrations, electromagnetic interactions and electron wave functions to morphogenesis, it is tempting to suppose that human brain activity might also be governed by the same underlying principles as other natural phenomena.

9.00 Introduction to Psychological Science

()

Prereq: None

Units: 4-0-8

Lecture: TR2-3.30 (32-123) Recitation: W10 (46-1015) or W4 (46-1015) or W EVE (7 PM) (46-1015) or R12 (46-3037) or R4 (46-1015) or R EVE (7 PM) (46-1015) or F10 (46-1015) or F11 (46-1015) or F1 (46-3037) or F2 (46-3037) or T4 (46-3037)

A survey of the scientific study of human nature, including how the mind works, and how the brain supports the mind. Topics include the mental and neural bases of perception, emotion, learning, memory, cognition, child development, personality, psychopathology, and social interaction. Consideration of how such knowledge relates to debates about nature and nurture, free will, consciousness, human differences, self, and society.

J. D. Gabrieli

No textbook information available

9.01 Introduction to Neuroscience

()

Prereq: None

Units: 4-0-8

Introduction to the mammalian nervous system, with emphasis on the structure and function of the human brain. Topics include the function of nerve cells, sensory systems, control of movement, learning and memory, and diseases of the brain.

L. Frawley

9.016[J] Introduction to Sound, Speech, and Hearing

()

Not offered regularly; consult department

(Same subject as HST.714[J])

Prereq: (6.3000 and 8.03) or permission of instructor

Units: 4-0-8

Introduces students to the acoustics, anatomy, physiology, and mechanics related to speech and hearing. Focuses on how humans generate and perceive speech. Topics related to speech, explored through applications and challenges involving acoustics, speech recognition, and speech disorders, include acoustic theory of speech production, basic digital speech processing, control mechanisms of speech production and basic elements of speech and voice perception. Topics related to hearing include acoustics and mechanics of the outer ear, middle ear, and cochlea, how pathologies affect their function, and methods for clinical diagnosis. Surgical treatments and medical devices such as hearing aids, bone conduction devices, and implants are also covered.