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Although this module is always available,not all functions are available on all platforms. Most of the functionsdefined in this module call platform C library functions with the same name. Itmay sometimes be helpful to consult the platform documentation, because thesemantics of these functions varies among platforms.
The functions in this module may not handle dates and times before the epoch orfar in the future. The cut-off point in the future is determined by the Clibrary; for 32-bit systems, it is typically in 2038.
DST is Daylight Saving Time, an adjustment of the timezone by (usually) onehour during part of the year. DST rules are magic (determined by local law) andcan change from year to year. The C library has a table containing the localrules (often it is read from a system file for flexibility) and is the onlysource of True Wisdom in this respect.
On the other hand, the precision of time() and sleep() is betterthan their Unix equivalents: times are expressed as floating point numbers,time() returns the most accurate time available (using Unixgettimeofday() where available), and sleep() will accept a timewith a nonzero fraction (Unix select() is used to implement this, whereavailable).
The time value as returned by gmtime(), localtime(), andstrptime(), and accepted by asctime(), mktime() andstrftime(), is a sequence of 9 integers. The return values ofgmtime(), localtime(), and strptime() also offer attributenames for individual fields.
Convert a tuple or struct_time representing a time as returned bygmtime() or localtime() to a string of the followingform: 'Sun Jun 20 23:21:05 1993'. The day field is two characters longand is space padded if the day is a single digit,e.g.: 'Wed Jun 9 04:26:40 1993'.
Convert a time expressed in seconds since the epoch to a string of a form:'Sun Jun 20 23:21:05 1993' representing local time. The day fieldis two characters long and is space padded if the day is a single digit,e.g.: 'Wed Jun 9 04:26:40 1993'.
Convert a time expressed in seconds since the epoch to a struct_time inUTC in which the dst flag is always zero. If secs is not provided orNone, the current time as returned by time() is used. Fractionsof a second are ignored. See above for a description of thestruct_time object. See calendar.timegm() for the inverse of thisfunction.
This is the inverse function of localtime(). Its argument is thestruct_time or full 9-tuple (since the dst flag is needed; use -1as the dst flag if it is unknown) which expresses the time in local time, notUTC. It returns a floating point number, for compatibility with time().If the input value cannot be represented as a valid time, eitherOverflowError or ValueError will be raised (which depends onwhether the invalid value is caught by Python or the underlying C libraries).The earliest date for which it can generate a time is platform-dependent.
On Windows, if secs is zero, the thread relinquishes the remainder of itstime slice to any other thread that is ready to run. If there are no otherthreads ready to run, the function returns immediately, and the threadcontinues execution. On Windows 8.1 and newer the implementation usesa high-resolution timerwhich provides resolution of 100 nanoseconds. If secs is zero, Sleep(0) is used.
Convert a tuple or struct_time representing a time as returned bygmtime() or localtime() to a string as specified by the formatargument. If t is not provided, the current time as returned bylocaltime() is used. format must be a string. ValueError israised if any field in t is outside of the allowed range.
The following directives can be embedded in the format string. They are shownwithout the optional field width and precision specification, and are replacedby the indicated characters in the strftime() result:
Additional directives may be supported on certain platforms, but only theones listed here have a meaning standardized by ANSI C. To see the full setof format codes supported on your platform, consult the strftime(3)documentation.
The format parameter uses the same directives as those used bystrftime(); it defaults to "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" which matches theformatting returned by ctime(). If string cannot be parsed accordingto format, or if it has excess data after parsing, ValueError israised. The default values used to fill in any missing data when moreaccurate values cannot be inferred are (1900, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, -1).Both string and format must be strings.
Support for the %Z directive is based on the values contained in tznameand whether daylight is true. Because of this, it is platform-specificexcept for recognizing UTC and GMT which are always known (and are considered tobe non-daylight savings timezones).
Only the directives specified in the documentation are supported. Becausestrftime() is implemented per platform it can sometimes offer moredirectives than those listed. But strptime() is independent of any platformand thus does not necessarily support all directives available that are notdocumented as supported.
The type of the time value sequence returned by gmtime(),localtime(), and strptime(). It is an object with a namedtuple interface: values can be accessed by index and by attribute name. Thefollowing values are present:
In calls to mktime(), tm_isdst may be set to 1 when daylightsavings time is in effect, and 0 when it is not. A value of -1 indicates thatthis is not known, and will usually result in the correct state being filled in.
Return the time in seconds since the epoch as a floating pointnumber. The handling of leap seconds is platform dependent.On Windows and most Unix systems, the leap seconds are not counted towardsthe time in seconds since the epoch. This is commonly referred to as Unixtime.
Note that even though the time is always returned as a floating pointnumber, not all systems provide time with a better precision than 1 second.While this function normally returns non-decreasing values, it can return alower value than a previous call if the system clock has been set backbetween the two calls.
Reset the time conversion rules used by the library routines. The environmentvariable TZ specifies how this is done. It will also set the variablestzname (from the TZ environment variable), timezone (non-DSTseconds West of UTC), altzone (DST seconds west of UTC) and daylight(to 0 if this timezone does not have any daylight saving time rules, or tononzero if there is a time, past, present or future when daylight saving timeapplies).
This allows applications to get a suspend-aware monotonic clock withouthaving to deal with the complications of CLOCK_REALTIME, which mayhave discontinuities if the time is changed using settimeofday() orsimilar.
The offset of the local DST timezone, in seconds west of UTC, if one is defined.This is negative if the local DST timezone is east of UTC (as in Western Europe,including the UK). Only use this if daylight is nonzero. See note below.
A tuple of two strings: the first is the name of the local non-DST timezone, thesecond is the name of the local DST timezone. If no DST timezone is defined,the second string should not be used. See note below.
For the above Timezone constants (altzone, daylight, timezone,and tzname), the value is determined by the timezone rules in effectat module load time or the last time tzset() is called and may be incorrectfor times in the past. It is recommended to use the tm_gmtoff andtm_zone results from localtime() to obtain timezone information.
The Time returned by time.Now contains a monotonic clock reading.If Time t has a monotonic clock reading, t.Add adds the same duration toboth the wall clock and monotonic clock readings to compute the result.Because t.AddDate(y, m, d), t.Round(d), and t.Truncate(d) are wall timecomputations, they always strip any monotonic clock reading from their results.Because t.In, t.Local, and t.UTC are used for their effect on the interpretationof the wall time, they also strip any monotonic clock reading from their results.The canonical way to strip a monotonic clock reading is to use t = t.Round(0).
Because the monotonic clock reading has no meaning outsidethe current process, the serialized forms generated by t.GobEncode,t.MarshalBinary, t.MarshalJSON, and t.MarshalText omit the monotonicclock reading, and t.Format provides no format for it. Similarly, theconstructors time.Date, time.Parse, time.ParseInLocation, and time.Unix,as well as the unmarshalers t.GobDecode, t.UnmarshalBinary.t.UnmarshalJSON, and t.UnmarshalText always create times withno monotonic clock reading.
Note that the Go == operator compares not just the time instant butalso the Location and the monotonic clock reading. See thedocumentation for the Time type for a discussion of equalitytesting for Time values.
(January 2, 15:04:05, 2006, in time zone seven hours west of GMT).That value is recorded as the constant named Layout, listed below. As a Unixtime, this is 1136239445. Since MST is GMT-0700, the reference would beprinted by the Unix date command as:
Note that the RFC822, RFC850, and RFC1123 formats should be appliedonly to local times. Applying them to UTC times will use "UTC" as thetime zone abbreviation, while strictly speaking those RFCs require theuse of "GMT" in that case.In general RFC1123Z should be used instead of RFC1123 for serversthat insist on that format, and RFC3339 should be preferred for new protocols.RFC3339, RFC822, RFC822Z, RFC1123, and RFC1123Z are useful for formatting;when used with time.Parse they do not accept all the time formatspermitted by the RFCs and they do accept time formats not formally defined.The RFC3339Nano format removes trailing zeros from the seconds fieldand thus may not sort correctly once formatted.
To define your own format, write down what the reference time would look likeformatted your way; see the values of constants like ANSIC, StampMicro orKitchen for examples. The model is to demonstrate what the reference timelooks like so that the Format and Parse methods can apply the sametransformation to a general time value. 5376163bf9