Chemicals from your work can come home on your skin, hair, clothes and shoes. When you go home, these chemicals can get onto your floors, your furniture, or in your car where your family members or pets can be exposed. We call this take-home exposure. Some of these chemicals might be dangerous, especially for children. Here is some information on how chemicals get into your home and how you can prevent this from happening.

Subject to the conditions identified below, this Guidance will offer an exemption from the unsupervised take-home medication requirements of 42 C.F.R.  8.12(i). Specifically, OTPs taking advantage of this exemption, may provide unsupervised take-home doses of methadone in accordance with the following time in treatment standards:


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In all instances, it is within the clinical judgement of the OTP practitioner to determine the actual number of take-home doses within these ranges. OTP decisions regarding dispensing methadone for unsupervised use under this exemption shall be determined by an appropriately licensed OTP medical practitioner or the medical director. In determining which patients may receive unsupervised doses, the medical director or program medical practitioner shall consider, among other pertinent factors that indicate whether the therapeutic benefits of unsupervised doses outweigh the risks, the following criteria:

Will states that are currently operating under the exemption announced on March 16, 20201 (and furthered in November 2021), be required to take additional action in order to utilize this exemption when the COVID-19 public health emergency officially ends?

Yes. States will need to affirmatively register their concurrence with this specific exemption in order for OTPs within the state to utilize it. States that have already authorized its OTPs to operate under the exemption announced on March 16, 2020, do not need to take any immediate action while the COVID-19 public health emergency is in effect. Please note, however, that if a state has not registered its concurrence with this exemption before the COVID-19 PHE expires, or has removed its concurrence, OTPs within the state will have to comply with all unsupervised use requirements under 42 C.F.R.  8.12(i). Therefore, in order to facilitate a seamless transition from operations under the March 16, 2020, exemption to this April 2023 exemption, states are encouraged to register their concurrence with this exemption by May 10, 2023 so that it can be in effect as of the expiration of the COVID-19 PHE on May 11, 2023.

State Opioid Treatment Authorities may, at any time following the issuance of this FAQ, register their concurrence with this exemption by submitting a written concurrence to the Division of Pharmacological Therapies mailbox. To ensure a seamless transition from the methadone take home flexibility issued during the COVID-19 public health emergency to this guidance, states are encouraged to do this no later than May 10, 2023. If a state previously did not utilize the exemption announced on March 16, 2020, then the state may still submit a written concurrence.

1Amram O, Amiri S, Panwala V, Lutz R, Joudrey PJ, Socias E. The impact of relaxation of methadone take-home protocols on treatment outcomes in the COVID-19 era. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2021 Oct 20:1-8. doi: 10.1080/00952990.2021.1979991. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34670453.

When your employer calculates your take-home pay, they will withhold money for federal and state income taxes and two federal programs: Social Security and Medicare. The amount withheld from each of your paychecks to cover the federal expenses will depend on several factors, including your income, number of dependents and filing status.

If you live in a state or city with income taxes, those taxes will also affect your take-home pay. Just like with your federal income taxes, your employer will withhold part of each of your paychecks to cover state and local taxes.

This publication examines the case for distributing naloxone, an emergency medication, to people who inject opioids such as heroin and to others who might witness an opioid overdose. Through its capacity to reverse opioid overdose, naloxone can save lives if administered in time. This comprehensive review looks at opioid overdose and how naloxone counteracts it, and discusses the circumstances of opioid overdose deaths and the use of naloxone in regular clinical practice. As well as documenting the historical development and spread of take-home naloxone programmes in Europe and beyond, the study looks at the practical side of their implementation, including the training of naloxone recipients in how to recognise and respond to an overdose. Although take-home naloxone is supported by the World Health Organization, the report finds that barriers to its access exist in Europe and considers how the availability of the intervention may be expanded.

Research on community-based programmes has reaffirmed that drug users, their peers and other potential first responders are both ready and able to be trained to recognise overdoses and to administer naloxone correctly (Clark et al., 2014; Mueller et al., 2015; Williams et al., 2014). A systematic review of the effectiveness of take-home naloxone programmes found that overdose mortality was reduced through programmes combining naloxone provision with overdose education and first aid training (EMCDDA, 2015). Table 1 summarises the main findings of the published literature reviews on this topic.

Naloxone distribution initiatives were reported to exist in 12 countries: Austria, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Norway, Spain (Catalonia), Sweden and the United Kingdom. In 2018, the legal framework for establishing such programmes had been created in Cyprus and preparatory steps for introducing naloxone were taken in Finland.

According to the latest available data, the highest number of individuals have been trained in the Scottish national naloxone programme (23,628), followed by Norway (10,784), Catalonia (6,516), Denmark (3,721) and Estonia (3,721). The total number of kits given out via take-home naloxone programmes in Scotland is 46,037, and has reached around 25,000 in France, and 13,000 in Norway. In Italy, an estimated 15,000 vials of naloxone are distributed through drugs agencies on an annual basis. For more detail see country profiles and factsheets.

Country summaries and factsheets presented in this section are based on a consultant study on Take-home naloxone programmes in the EU and Norway commissioned by the EMCDDA (EMCDDA contract: CT.16.IBS.0157.1.0) and carried out by Ilonka Horvath, BIG - Austrian Health Institute in 2017. They have been updated in August 2020.

Expanding take-home naloxone trainings nationally, guidelines for opioid substitution treatment (OST) were amended to include the provision of naloxone training and in 2019, the Copenhagen SundhedsTeam was appointed as national coordinating body for the implementation of naloxone trainings in municipal opioid substitution treatment (OST) clinics across Denmark. Over the period 2020-2021 it is planned to train approximately 330 local trainers in 66 municipalities as multipliers, who will then continue to deliver THN education, based on the model and training material delivered by the coordinator.

Over the course of subsequent take-home naloxone projects, several naloxone products have been used, including injectable naloxone in pre-filled syringes with and without mucosal atomizer device; two different nasal products, which were not marketed in Denmark were used with special permission from the Danish Medicines Agency. Since a nasal naloxone spray was authorised in 2017 by the European Commission for the EU and became available in Denmark in 2018, it has replaced the previously used nasal products.

Potential bystanders of overdose are only able to have access to naloxone when the prescription is correctly formalised, and they can only administer it in case of a medical emergency. There is a need for a more formal Good Samaritan law, exempting those who intervene from criminal liability. Healthcare providers and nurses often work together conducting the counselling, but only healthcare providers can prescribe naloxone. It would be an advantage to also allow nurses and non-medical staff to be involved in the distribution of the medication. Non-injectable naloxone, available since October 2018, simplifies service delivery and may thus benefit the Estonian take-home naloxone programme by broadening it to include additional professional groups (police and pharmacists for example).

Take-home naloxone can only be prescribed to an opioid dependent person, but the fact that - in case this person suffers an overdose - the administration of the medication will be made by another person to whom it was not prescribed, creates legal uncertainties. Initiatives calling for an exemption of naloxone from prescription requirements are underway.

Funding of the take-home naloxone distribution also remains a problem. Currently, no funds are allocated for a regular programme of naloxone provision through low threshold agencies. A pilot project to address this is under development by the National Focal Point.

In 2014, a pilot take-home naloxone (THN) project was introduced in Norway in the context of an overdose prevention campaign in Bergen and Oslo. The THN project is organised by the Ministry of Health and the Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF) and targeted at prisons, drug treatment centres, low-threshold settings and housing facilities. The beneficiary groups are diverse: people who use drugs and their peers and next of kin; staff and outreach workers at drugs facilities and other potential bystanders of overdose, such as police and prison staff. In the first years of the project, the naloxone was given out in a pre-filled syringe. It was however applied instead of by injection as nasal spray, with the use of a commercially available mucosal atomisation device. Since June 2018, the pre-filled syringe and atomizer have been replaced by a nasal naloxone spray (Nyxoid  2mg/0.1mL). Besides the two spray dispensers, the naloxone kit contains first aid instructions, a protective mask for mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, a carrier card and a manual. The naloxone project has expanded and since the start of the programme until April 2020, a total of around 13 000 naloxone kits have been distributed. In the same period, 10 798 people have been trained, including both the people trained for the first time and repeatedly. Moreover, the Ministry of Health and Care Services has included the THN project as one of the responses in the new four-year overdose strategy (2019-2022). Currently, 15 prisons give out naloxone kits to prisoners on release. 17dc91bb1f

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