Following the success of Stine's young adult horror novels, the co-founder of Parachute Press (the company that developed the series),[26] Joan Waricha, persuaded him to write scary books for younger children.[27] Stine says the name for the book series came to him after he saw a TV station's ad in TV Guide that stated "It's goosebumps week on Channel 11".[28][29] He originally signed a six-book deal with the publisher Scholastic,[30] but went on to write 62 books in the original series, the first book being Welcome to Dead House, released in July 1992. The series was originally aimed at girls, but both boys and girls enjoyed the series equally with half of Stine's fan mail being sent from boys.[15] The cover illustrations for this series was done primarily by Tim Jacobus.[31] Thirty-two of the books from the original series were later re-released with new artwork under the Classic Goosebumps rename.[32]
Researchers led by Drs. Ya-Chieh Hsu from Harvard University and Sung-Jan Lin from National Taiwan University used skin samples from mice to explore what other roles goosebumps might play. Previous research identified a trio of cell types that work together to create goosebumps: arrector pili muscles, sympathetic nerves, and the hair follicles.
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Based on these results, the researchers proposed that the muscle cells form a bridge between the nerve and the stem cells in the hair follicle. In this way, goosebumps might play two roles: They cause hair to rise in the short term and trigger more hair growth by the stem cells in the long term.
To test this idea, the researchers compared mice exposed to either cold or normal room temperatures. The cold exposure first caused goosebumps, then boosted activity in the sympathetic nerves and an increase in norepinephrine. Mice exposed to the cold started to produce new hairs from their stem cells in less than two weeks.
They go by different names: goosebumps, goose pimples, goose flesh, and my personal favorite, goose bumples. The medical term is cutis anserine (cutis means skin and anser means goose). I guess the similarity in texture is just too close to goose skin to ignore. Other medical terms for goosebumps are horripilation, piloerection, or the pilomotor reflex.
Many people associate goosebumps with fear, or perhaps more accurately, with horror. Perhaps that's why a popular series of children's horror stories by R.L. Stine published in the 1990s was called Goosebumps.
Researchers studying mice recently linked goosebumps to the regeneration of hair and hair follicles. It seems that the nerves connected to the tiny muscles responsible for goosebumps also connect to hair follicle stem cells, which are the cells responsible for hair growth. So, in response to cold, the nerve tells the tiny muscles in the skin to contract (causing goosebumps) and the same nerve activates hair follicle stem cells for new hair growth.
Each of these might be more important for furry animals than for humans. In fact, it's not clear how important goosebumps are in humans. For example, if you couldn't form goosebumps at all, it wouldn't necessarily mean that you'd have problems with temperature control. Goosebumps may be one of those leftovers from our evolutionary ancestors (like the coccyx, or tailbone) that serve no important purpose.
The new discovery linking goosebumps with hair follicle stem cells might be explained as a longer-term response to cold, at least for animals with fur: they get goosebumps (or the animal equivalent) in the short run to conserve heat, and thicker fur to keep warmer in the long term.
Most people associate goosebumps with unpleasant situations, such as feeling particularly cold or feeling afraid. Yet there is more to it than that. The arrectores pilorum are hooked up to the sympathetic nervous system, and the sympathetic nervous system has input from many parts of the brain, including those involved with motivation, arousal, and emotion. So other stimuli may cause goosebumps, for instance:
Though rare, goosebumps can be a sign of a seizure disorder called temporal lobe epilepsy, a disorder of the sympathetic nervous system, or other brain disorders. They are also common during heroin or other opiate withdrawal. In fact, one explanation for the origin of the expression "quitting cold turkey" is that goose bumps that develop during withdrawal from heroin mimic cold turkey flesh.
You'll see goosebumps most often when you're cold. But don't be surprised (or afraid or awed) if they appear at other times. They are a universal but poorly understood phenomenon, but our understanding is improving. And the recent discovery linking goosebumps with hair follicle regeneration could lead to more than just a better understanding of goosebumps; it could lead to new ways to fight baldness or improve tissue healing.
In humans, it's possible that goosebumps will gradually disappear over the coming centuries as with other remnants of evolution, like the tailbone or wisdom teeth. Or they may serve a more important role than we currently understand and continue to puzzle us for years to come.
The connection between the sympathetic nerve and the muscle has been well known, since they are the cellular basis behind goosebumps: the cold triggers sympathetic neurons to send a nerve signal, and the muscle reacts by contracting and causing the hair to stand on end. However, when examining the skin under extremely high resolution using electron microscopy, the researchers found that the sympathetic nerve not only associated with the muscle, but also formed a direct connection to the hair follicle stem cells. In fact, the nerve fibers wrapped around the hair follicle stem cells like a ribbon.
The Importance: The work illuminates the biological purpose of goosebumps and furthers our understanding of how stem cells change their activity in response to the external environment. These discoveries can also be leveraged to understand tumor formation and wound healing.
Not only does this study identify how and why humans get goosebumps, it shows how stem cell activity can be influenced by the surrounding environment, which is important for understanding healthy skin function as well as how cells respond to adverse conditions like wounds or tumor formation. 589ccfa754
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