The breakthroughs in thorium nuclear reactors are:

-        Achieving successful conversion of thorium to uranium-232

-        On-the-fly refueling of the nuclear reactor without shutdown

-        Use of corrosion resistant material on the molten salt reactors

The breakthroughs in helium-3 nuclear reactors are:

-        Achieve helium-3 fusion with deuterium to produce energy.

-        Mine the helium-3