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The city was founded in 1938 by Flora Mae Statler, who named it Surprise as she "would be surprised if the town ever amounted to much."[4] Surprise officials previously thought the city was founded by Statler's husband, real estate developer and state legislator Homer C. Ludden, but in 2010 property records were discovered which listed Statler owning the land before she met Ludden.[5]

Listening to music often evokes intense emotions [1, 2]. Recent research suggests that musical pleasure comes from positive reward prediction errors, which arise when what is heard proves to be better than expected [3]. Central to this view is the engagement of the nucleus accumbens-a brain region that processes reward expectations-to pleasurable music and surprising musical events [4-8]. However, expectancy violations along multiple musical dimensions (e.g., harmony and melody) have failed to implicate the nucleus accumbens [9-11], and it is unknown how music reward value is assigned [12]. Whether changes in musical expectancy elicit pleasure has thus remained elusive [11]. Here, we demonstrate that pleasure varies nonlinearly as a function of the listener's uncertainty when anticipating a musical event, and the surprise it evokes when it deviates from expectations. Taking Western tonal harmony as a model of musical syntax, we used a machine-learning model [13] to mathematically quantify the uncertainty and surprise of 80,000 chords in US Billboard pop songs. Behaviorally, we found that chords elicited high pleasure ratings when they deviated substantially from what the listener had expected (low uncertainty, high surprise) or, conversely, when they conformed to expectations in an uninformative context (high uncertainty, low surprise). Neurally, we found using fMRI that activity in the amygdala, hippocampus, and auditory cortex reflected this interaction, while the nucleus accumbens only reflected uncertainty. These findings challenge current neurocognitive models of music-evoked pleasure and highlight the synergistic interplay between prospective and retrospective states of expectation in the musical experience. VIDEO ABSTRACT.

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Data on the prevalence of surprise medical bills and costs to consumers are limited. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) requires health plans in and out of the Marketplace to report data on out-of-network costs to enrollees, though this provision has not yet been implemented.2 Research studies offer some clues as to the prevalence and cost to patients due to surprise medical bills:

Policymakers at the federal and state level have expressed concern that surprise medical bills can pose significant financial burdens and are beyond the control of patients to prevent since, by definition, they cannot choose the treating provider. Various policy proposals have been advanced, and some implemented, to address the problem. These include hold harmless provisions that protect consumers from the added cost of surprise medical bills, including limits or prohibitions on balance billing. Others include disclosure requirements that require health plans and/or providers to notify patients in advance that surprise balance billing may occur, potentially giving them an opportunity to choose other providers.

Several federal standards have been adopted or proposed to address the problem of surprise medical bills in private health plans generally, in qualified health plans offered through the Marketplace, and in Medicare. These standards vary in scope and applicability:

Surprise medical bills can contribute significantly to financial burden and medical debt among insured individuals, though data on the incidence and impact of this problem are limited. Federal authority to track the incidence and impact of surprise medical bills exists but has not yet been implemented.

Policy makers have considered and adopted various responses, yet tradeoffs are involved in protecting consumers from surprise bills. There is concern among some as to whether or how new consumer protections might affect insurance premiums. Establishing requirements both on what health plans must cover and on amounts that out-of-network providers can bill can limit the impact on premiums, though providers may balk at restrictions on how much they can charge.

The problem of surprise medical bills is likely to continue, and may increase to the extent plans create narrower provider networks. The very nature of the problem means that consumers will be hard pressed to take action to avoid surprise medical bill situations absent intervention by policy makers.

If you're wondering what inspired the canyon's jaunty moniker, it stems from the "surprise" travelers experience when they stumble into the unexpected springs bubbling from the steep walls of Surprise Canyon; the springs feed a yearlong flow of water. Most of Surprise Canyon has been designated an Area of Critical Environmental Concern in order to protect wildlife (including desert bighorn sheep and Panamint alligator lizards), vegetation, and historic and cultural resources.

Some health insurance coverage programs that already had protections against surprise medical billing are exempt from the NSA including Medicare, Medicaid, Indian Health Services, Veterans Affairs Health Care, or TRICARE.

tag_hash_107If you received a surprise bill that you think is prohibited under the new law, you can:

Surprise billing happens when a patient gets an unexpected balance bill after they receive care from an out-of-network provider or at an out-of-network facility. Patients often are not aware a provider or facility is out-of-network until they receive the bill. It can happen for both emergency and non-emergency care. For example, a patient may undergo a planned procedure in which the surgeon is in-network with their health plan, but the anesthesiologist is not in-network which may result in a surprise bill.

The NSA protects you from surprise bills for covered emergency out-of-network services, including air ambulance services (but not ground ambulance services), and surprise bills for covered non-emergency services at an in-network facility.

It is NOT a surprise bill if you chose to receive services from an out-of-network provider instead of from an available in-network provider before you got to the hospital or ambulatory surgical center.

Beginning January 1, 2022, the following services will usually be a surprise bill when provided by an out-of-network provider in a hospital or ambulatory surgical center: emergency medicine, anesthesia, pathology, radiology, laboratory, neonatology, assistant surgeon, hospitalist, or intensivist services.

If your health care services were before January 1, 2022, you are only protected from a surprise bill if you were treated by an out-of-network physician (and not other health care providers) at an in-network hospital or ambulatory surgical center.

The Federal No Surprises Act protections from surprise medical bills from an out-of-network provider in an in-network hospital or ambulatory surgical center apply if your employer or union self-funds your coverage for plans issued or renewed on and after January 1, 2022.

You may only bill your patient for their in-network cost-sharing (copayment, coinsurance, or deductible) for a Surprise Bill in a Hospital or Ambulatory Surgical Center or for a Surprise Bill When Your Patient Received A Referral. Health plans must pay out-of-network providers directly for a surprise bill.

(*If health care services were before January 1, 2022, the surprise bill protections only apply to the services of out-of-network physicians (and not other health care providers) at an in-network hospital or ambulatory surgical center.)

If your patient is uninsured, a bill will be a surprise bill if: Services are provided by a doctor at a hospital or ambulatory surgical center and the patient is not given all the required information about their care. See Information Your Doctor and Other Health Care Professionals Must Give You and Information Your Hospital Must Give You for a list of the information that must be provided to patients. In such cases, your patient may dispute the amount of the bill through the New York State independent dispute resolution process.

The Federal No Surprises Act protections from surprise medical bills from an out-of-network provider in an in-network hospital or ambulatory surgical center apply if your patient has employer or union self-funded coverage for plans issued or renewed on and after January 1, 2022. Your patient is only responsible for paying their in-network cost-sharing (copayment, coinsurance, or deductible) for a surprise bill.

For plans issued or renewed before January 1, 2022, your patient may qualify for an independent dispute resolution (IDR) through New York State by submitting an IDR application to dispute the bill. A bill will be a surprise bill if services are provided by a doctor at a hospital or ambulatory surgical center and the patient is not given all the required information about their care. See Information Your Doctor and Other Health Care Professionals Must Give You and Information Your Hospital Must Give You for a list of the information that must be provided to patients.

They are fried, they taste like Christmas AND they may or may not have a little surprise inside. Ah ha. I totally stuffed some Nutella into half of the beignets I made and we all agreed the chocolate beignets are the way to go. Chocolate is always the way to go.

A surprise bill is when a person, through no fault of their own, unknowingly or unavoidably receives health care services from providers outside their insurance company's network and then is billed directly for that care.

The shock for consumers receiving these bills has led to deep public discontent, giving rise to political urgency behind finding a federal solution, which would be a step forward. But surprise bills arise because of local market issues which may be impossible to resolve, particularly in rural areas. 17dc91bb1f