Perovskites have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their potential to revolutionize the field of electronics. These materials offer several advantages over traditional semiconductors, including their high carrier mobility, tunable bandgap, and low cost of production. Various synthesized perovskite materials with optimal properties can be used for passive electronic components, such as capacitors and inductors. To achieve this, various techniques, including solid-state reaction processing, spin coating, and annealing under controlled conditions, are explored. The characterization of the resulting materials using a range of techniques, including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and impedance spectroscopy, to determine their structural and electrical properties.

Multiferroics are materials that exhibit both ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties simultaneously. These materials have attracted significant attention due to their potential for various applications, such as information storage, spintronics, and sensors. Various synthesis, characterization, and application of multiferroics are being explored. One potential application of multiferroics is in data storage devices, where the ability to control both electric and magnetic properties simultaneously can lead to faster and more efficient data processing. Another potential application is in magnetic field sensors, where the magnetoelectric coupling of multiferroics can enable highly sensitive and accurate measurements of magnetic fields.

Piezoelectric, triboelectric, pyroelectric, and electromagnetic nanogenerators are exciting technologies with a wide range of self-powered applications, including those in the biomedical field. These technologies have the potential to revolutionize the way we power electronic devices and enable new, innovative applications in various industries. Piezoelectric nanogenerators are based on the piezoelectric effect, which is the ability of certain materials to generate an electrical charge in response to mechanical stress. The device comprises of a piezoelectric material, sandwiched between two electrodes. When the material is subjected to mechanical stress, such as bending, stretching, or compression, it generates a voltage between the electrodes due to the separation of positive and negative charges. Triboelectric nanogenerators, on the other hand, are based on the triboelectric effect, which is the ability of certain materials to generate an electrical charge through contact electrification. The device consists of two materials with different affinities for electrons, such as a polymer and a metal, that are rubbed together. When the materials separate, one material gains electrons while the other loses electrons, generating a voltage between them. Hybrid nanogenerators combine multiple energy conversion mechanisms to improve energy generation efficiency and reliability. They have the potential to overcome the limitations of individual energy conversion mechanisms and enable new and more efficient applications in various fields, including biomedical, environmental, and energy harvesting.