☁️ Flow of a fluid with a free surface that is exposed to the atmosphere

☁️ Occurs in natural channels like rivers and artificial ones like canals 

☁️ Important for water management, flood control, irrigation systems 

☁️ Study of fluid flow around objects with a blunt or non-streamlined shape

☁️ Oscillating wake regions, increased turbulence, flow separation 

☁️ Bridge pier scour, flow around ships and submarines, liquid cooling 

☁️ Study of flow with an interface between phases such as gas and liquid 

☁️ Complex flow dynamics due to interaction between phases 

☁️ Important for aerated flow in dams and spillways and flow of mixtures 

☁️ Movement of solid particles due to the action of a fluid flow 

☁️ Occurs in river basins, streams, and coastal areas 

☁️ Retaining safety and integrity of different hydraulic structures