https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate
From the National Weather Service, this site allows one to access historic weather data (temperature, precipitation, snowfall, etc.) through a local NWS office. View this video to learn how to use the interface.
https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/climate-at-a-glance/global/time-series
From the National Centers for Environmental Information, this site provides temperature and precipitation data at the global, national, regional, state, divisional, county, and city level.
https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/
Climate Data Online (CDO) provides free access to NCDC's archive of global historical weather and climate data in addition to station history information. These data include quality controlled daily, monthly, seasonal, and yearly measurements of temperature, precipitation, wind, and degree days as well as radar data and 30-year Climate Normals.
Berkeley Earth is an independent U.S. non-profit organization focused on environmental data science. Berkeley Earth supplies comprehensive open-source world air pollution data and highly user-accessible global temperature data that is timely, impartial, and verified.
https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/ (home page)
A simple zip code search on the main page allows one to find past weather information by date and location.
https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs_v4/ (home page)
Instructions: [1] Click on the section titles below to hide or expose the respective graphs. [2] At the bottom left corner of every graph are 3 icons to “reset”, “move”, and “zoom” the image. [3] Hovering over a data point will display the year and data value.