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How Does it Work?
How Does it Work?
Stingray venom is produced and stored in secretory cells of the vertebral column that is housed within the ventrolateral grooves of the spine. Toxins are released from glandular cells at the base of one of the barbs. The toxin travels along a mucous coating and gets injected into the recipient through the puncture wound.
What's Inside a Stingray Stinger?
What's Inside a Stingray Stinger?
Freshwater vs. Saltwater
Freshwater vs. Saltwater
The cells of both marine and freshwater stingrays are round and contain granule-filled cytoplasm.
Stinging cells of MARINE stingrays are located only within lateral grooves of the stinger.
Stinging cells of FRESHWATER stingrays are located on the upper side of the tail near the base.
Toxins in Stingray Venom
Toxins in Stingray Venom
Toxins confirmed to be in stingray venom include cystatins - which can inhibit defense enzymes, peroxiredoxins, and galectin - which can induce cell death.
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