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About Magnetism
Magnetism is a force that’s created through matter of the motion of electrons within its atoms. Magnetic fields are developed on a large scale whether it's through magnetized materials, magnets, or through the passage of an electric current. Iron, cobalt, and nickel, as well as their solid solutions or alloys with related metallic elements, are examples of materials that respond strongly to magnetic fields. Unlike gravity's all-pervasive fundamental force field, the magnetic force field within a magnetized body, such as a bar magnet, is polarized, meaning that the field is strongest and has opposing signs near the magnet's two poles. A magnet is a material that has the ability to exert a significant force on other materials without actually coming into contact with them. This force is referred to as a magnetic force, and it has the ability to attract or repel objects. While all known materials have a magnetic force, it is so little in most of them that it is barely detectable. Other materials have a significantly stronger magnetic force, and these are referred to as magnets.
What is a Maglev Train?
A floating vehicle for land transportation that is supported by either electromagnetic attraction or repulsion, known as a maglev train or magnetic levitation train. Maglevs were invented in the early 1900s by American professor and inventor Robert Goddard and French-born American engineer Emile Bachelet, and have been in commercial usage since 1984, with three networks already in operation and more planned.
To lift, propel, and guide a vehicle across a track, maglevs use a simple principle about magnetic forces—like magnetic poles repel each other and opposite magnetic poles attract each other (or guideway). Superconducting materials, electromagnets, diamagnets, and rare-earth magnets may be used in maglev propulsion and levitation.
Electrodynamic Suspension (EDS): To produce levitation, EDS uses the repulsive force of (superconducting) magnets installed on the guideway and on the train. The repulsive force is generated by the magnets moving past each other as the train is moving. This approach has the advantage of being quite stable at high speeds. The correct distance between the train and the guideway is not an issue. The disadvantage is that in order for the train to levitate at all, it must be driven at a high enough speed. Furthermore, this method is far more difficult and expensive to install.
Electromagnetic Suspension (EMS): Electromagnets on the guideway and on the train attract each other to achieve levitation. This technology has the advantages of being easier to install than Electrodynamic Suspension and maintaining levitation at zero speed. The system's disadvantage is that it is inherently unstable. Maintaining the optimum gap between train and guideway gets challenging at high speeds. If this gap is not maintained, the train will lose its ability to levitate and will come to a grinding halt. To accommodate for this, EMS necessitates sophisticated feedback-control mechanisms to ensure that the train remains steady at all times.
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