1. Organoid Engineering 

 An organoid is a 3D, self-organizing tissue construct that partially recapitulates the cellular composition, spatial organization, and function of its native organ counterpart in vitro. Two challenges are central to generating organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The first is the need to present spatiotemporally distinct differentiation cues with sufficient precision that multiple lineage trajectories can be induced simultaneously within a single culture environment. The second arises from the absence of vasculature: mass transport must rely on passive diffusion, so that oxygen and nutrients become depleted within the interior of the construct during prolonged culture, leading to cell death. Our research addresses these limitations through a range of nanotechnologies, with the aim of advancing the generation of iPSC-derived organoids.