Research 

Understanding how policies can stabilize household welfare during recessions requires a framework that captures household heterogeneity, unemployment risk, and general-equilibrium labor market dynamics. We study a contractionary demand shock in a Heterogeneous-Agent New-Keynesian model with search-and-matching friction on the labor market (HANK–SAM) and compare the effectiveness of alternative income-stabilization policies. Using a common fiscal envelope, we contrast increases in unemployment insurance generosity, with targeted transfers to hand-to-mouth households, and universal transfers. Policy effectiveness is assessed through the aggregate consumers’ welfare, measured in consumption-equivalent variation units. In an economy calibrated to U.S. data, unemployment insurance yields the largest welfare gain per percentage point of fiscal cost, followed by targeted transfers, while universal transfers are the least effective. A temporary increase in unemployment insurance generates the highest welfare, as it combines immediate cash-flow support with insurance effects, disproportionally benefiting households with high marginal propensities to consum

This paper investigates the relationship between public debt and the effectiveness of fiscal policy, presenting evidence of an inverse relationship between government debt and fiscal multipliers. To explain the results, I develop and calibrate a HANK model tailored to the U.S. economy. The model reveals that higher public debt diminishes fiscal multipliers by making households less constrained. Theoretically, I show intertemporal marginal propensities to consume (iMPCs) are sufficient statistics of public debt, influencing fiscal multipliers. Decomposing changes in iMPCs into components driven by wealth distribution and the policy function, I find that the primary factor driving variations in iMPCs is the change in interest rates due to the variation of government bonds. This highlights a novel mechanism: even in the absence of fiscal limits or crowding out, large stocks of debt can weaken fiscal stimulus through their effect on household behavior.

In this paper we provide evidence that there are statistical and economically meaningful differences in terms of attitudes towards risk at the aggregate level across countries, as captured by country-specific estimations of the coefficient of relative risk aversion. This has important implications for fiscal policy as it leads to large differences in the output response to the same fiscal policy shock. When calibrating the risk aversion at the country level, using country-specific estimates of the coefficient of relative risk aversion, we find multipliers to the same fiscal consolidation shock to differ as much as between 0.35 and 0.55.