The course will be taught remotely via Zoom. A Zoom meeting link will be sent to registered students via email before the first lecture.
The students are expected to have access to a computer equipped with a microphone for interaction with instructors and other students. Having a camera is not required.
Purpose and Audience
This graduate level course covers application of radio frequency (RF) superconductivity to contemporary particle accelerators: particle colliders, storage rings for X-ray production, pulsed and CW linear accelerators (linacs), energy recovery linacs (ERLs), etc. The course will address both physics and engineering aspects of the field. It will cover fundamentals of RF superconductivity, types of superconducting radio frequency (SRF) accelerating structures, performance-limiting phenomena, beam-cavity interaction issues specific to superconducting cavities, approaches to designing SRF systems and engineering of superconducting cavity cryomodules. The course is intended for students interested in accelerator physics and technology who want to learn about application of RF superconductivity to particle accelerators.
Prerequisites: Classical mechanics, thermodynamics, electrodynamics, solid state / condensed matter physics and physical or engineering mathematics, all at entrance graduate level.
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to understand the physics underlying RF superconductivity and its application to accelerators, as well as the advantages and limitations of SRF technology. The aim is to provide students with ideas and approaches that enable them to evaluate and solve problems related to the application of superconducting cavities to accelerators, as well actively participate in the development of SRF systems for various accelerators.
Instruction Method
This course includes a series of lectures and review sessions. Homework problems will be assigned. Homework will be graded, and solutions provided during the review sessions. There will be a final exam at the conclusion of the course.
Course Content
The course will include a brief introduction of the basic concepts of microwave cavities and fundamental concepts of RF superconductivity. Then it will cover the beam-cavity interaction issues in accelerators: wake fields and higher-order modes (HOMs) in superconducting structures, associated bunched beam instabilities and approaches to deal with these instabilities (HOM absorbers and couplers, cavity geometry optimization, …), bunch length manipulation with SRF cavities, beam loading effects, etc. Following that we will discuss a systems approach and its application to SRF systems for accelerators. We discuss the ways in which the superconducting material, and in particular the surface, can be modified to improve quality factor and accelerating gradient. Finally, we will address issues related to engineering of the SRF system components: cryostats, cavities, input couplers, HOM loads, and frequency tuners.
Recommended Textbook
While all necessary material will be provided during lectures, we recommend the following textbook for in-depth study of the subject:
RF Superconductivity for Accelerators, by H. Padamsee, J. Knobloch, and T. Hays, John Wiley & Sons, 2nd edition (2008).
Other Reading Recommendations
It is recommended that students re-familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of electrodynamics at the level of
Fields and Waves in Communication Electronics (Chapters 1 through 11) by S. Ramo, J. R. Whinnery, and T. Van Duzer, John Wiley & Sons, 3rd edition (1994)
Classical Electrodynamics (Chapters 1 through 8) by J. D. Jackson, John Wiley & Sons, 3rd edition (1999)
or other similar textbooks.
Additional reference books:
Handbook of Accelerator Physics and Engineering, edited by A. W. Chao, K. H. Mess, M. Tigner, and F. Zimmermann, World Scientific, 2nd Edition (2013)
RF Superconductivity: Science, Technology, and Applications, by H. Padamsee, Wiley-VCH (2009)
Online resources:
The Physics of Electron Storage Rings: An Introduction, by M. Sands
Microwave Theory and Applications, by S. F. Adam
High Energy Electron Linacs: Applications to Storage Ring RF Systems and Linear Colliders, by Perry B. Wilson
Credit Requirements
Students will be evaluated based on the following performance criteria: final exam (50%), homework assignments and class participation (50%).
Credits earned upon successful completion of this course can be applied toward receiving a Certificate in Accelerator Science and Engineering under the Ernest Courant Traineeship in Accelerator Science & Engineering.
Picture gallery
All PHY 543 classes are scheduled for Monday from 6:05 pm to 9:00 pm
January 23 Lecture 1: Introduction - Prof. Belomestnykh
Lecture 2: Particle accelerators & SRF science and technology
- Prof. Belomestnykh
Accelerators and Beams: Tools of discovery and innovation
Lecture 3: RF fundamentals, part 1 - Dr. Verdú Andrés
January 30 Lecture 4: RF fundamentals, part 2 - Dr. Verdú Andrés
Lecture 5: SRF fundamentals, part 1 - Prof. Belomestnykh
Homework #1, due on February 6, before lecture
February 6 Lecture 6: SRF fundamentals, part 2 - Prof. Belomestnykh
Lecture 7: Cavity performance frontier, part 1 - Prof. Belomestnykh
February 13 Lecture 8: Cavity performance frontier, part 2 - Prof. Belomestnykh
Lecture 9: SRF system requirements - Prof. Belomestnykh
Homework review session #1
February 20 Lecture 10: Related phenomena - Prof. Petrushina
Lecture 11: Beam-cavity interaction - Dr. Verdú Andrés
RF_power_with_beam_loading.pdf
Homework #2, due on February 27, before lecture
February 27 Lecture 12-13: Systems engineering parts 1&2 - Prof. Belomestnykh
March 6 Lecture 14: Cavity design - Prof. Petrushina
Lecture 15: Fundamental power couplers - Prof. Petrushina
Homework review session #2
March 13 Spring Break - no classes
March 20 Lecture 16: HOM dampers - Prof. Petrushina
Lecture 17: Cavity frequency tuners - Prof. Petrushina
Homework #3, due on March 27, before lecture
March 27 Lecture 18: Case study: Deflecting/crab cavities - Prof. Belomestnykh
Lecture 19: Cryomodule design - Prof. Belomestnykh
April 3 Lecture 20: Cavities for low- and medium-beta accelerators - Prof. Petrushina
Lecture 21: Case study: SRF guns - Prof. Petrushina
Homework review session #3
April 10 Lecture 22: Cavity fabrication and processing - Prof. Petrushina
Lecture 23: SRF cavity testing and instrumentation - Prof. Petrushina
Lecture 24: High power RF systems - Prof. Belomestnykh
Homework #4, due on April 17, before lecture
April 17 Lecture 25-26: Cryogenics - guest lecture by A. Klebaner
April 24 Lecture 27: Case study: LCLS-II - Prof. Belomestnykh
Lecture 28: SRF in quantum regime - guest lecture by S. Posen
Homework review session #4
May 1 Lecture 29: Overview of remaining SRF challenges - Prof. Belomestnykh
Closing remarks, Q&A session
Take home Final Exam, due on May 10
(Week of Finals: May 9 - May 17)
Questions? Send email to
Prof. Belomestnykh: sergey.belomestnykh-at-stonybrook.edu
Prof. Petrushina: irina.petrushina-at-stonybrook.edu
Dr. Verdú Andrés: sverdu-at-bnl.gov