Sol-gel for ceramics

Solid state reaction for ceramics

Co-precipitation method

Hydrothermal and Solvothermal

Sol-gel auto combustion for ceramics

Solvent Casting for polymers

Chemical reaction method

Hummer's method for Graphene Oxide

Polymer processing

High voltage Poling

Electroding of polymers and ceramics

Pelletization of ceramics

Silicon nanowire fabrication by
Metal Assisted Chemical Etching (MACE) on wafer

Porous Silicon by Anodization

Phosphorus doping by Spin-on-Doping (SOD)

Electrode formation by thermal evaporation, sputtering, Screen printing, manual silver paste, and masking process

X-ray reflectance thickness, density, and roughness measurement

X-ray diffraction (XRD)
(Multi-phase pattern analysis, Indexing and refinement using X'Pert HighScore software, Crystallinity, Defect)

Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy: FTIR

Raman spectroscopy
(Spectrum analysis, Mapping, z-axis measurement)

UV- Visible spectroscopy
(Absorbance, DRS, band gap Calculation by Tauc, KM plots)

Photoluminescence spectroscopy
(Spectrum analysis, Band gap)

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: XPS
(Spectrum analysis, Peak deconvolution for elemental, chemical, electronic, and binding state analysis)

Scanning Electron Microscope: SEM
(Length, area, EDS elemental analysis)

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

Dielectric and Impedance Spectroscopy

Ferroelectric PE loop

Piezoelectric strain constant

Piezoelectric Energy Harvest