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A spire is a tall, slender, pointed structure on top of a roof of a building or tower, especially at the summit of church steeples.[1] A spire may have a square, circular, or polygonal plan, with a roughly conical or pyramidal shape.[1] Spires are typically made of stonework or brickwork, or else of timber structures with metal cladding, ceramic tiling, roof shingles, or slates on the exterior.[1]


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Since towers supporting spires are usually square, square-plan spires emerge directly from the tower's walls, but octagonal spires are either built for a pyramidal transition section called a broach at the spire's base, or else freed spaces around the tower's summit for decorative elements like pinnacles.[1] The former solution is known as a broach spire.[1] Small or short spires are known as spikes, spirelets, or flches.[1][2]

This sense of the word spire is attested in English since the 1590s, spir having been used in Middle Low German since the 14th century, a form related to the Old English word spir, meaning a sprout, shoot, or stalk of grass.[3]

The Gothic church spire originated in the 12th century as a simple, four-sided pyramidal structure on top of a church tower. The spire could be constructed of masonry, as at Salisbury Cathedral, or of wood covered with lead, as at Notre-Dame de Paris. Gradually, spires became taller, slimmer, and more complex in form. Triangular sections of masonry, called broaches were added to the sides, at an angle to the faces of the tower, as at St Columba, Cologne. In the 12th and 13th centuries, more ornament was added to the faces of the spires, particularly gabled dormers over the centres of the faces of the towers, as in the southwest tower of Chartres Cathedral. Additional vertical ornament, in the form of slender pinnacles in pyramid shapes, were often placed around the spires, to express the transition between the square base and the octagonal spire.[4]

The spires of the late 13th century achieved great height; one example was Fribourg Cathedral in Switzerland, where the gabled lantern and spire reached a height of 385 feet (117 meters). In England, a tall needle spire was sometimes constructed at the edge of tower, with pinnacles at the other corners. The western spires of Lichfield Cathedral are an example.[4]

Openwork spires were a notable architectural innovation, beginning with the spire at Freiburg Minster, in which the pierced stonework was held together by iron cramps. The openwork spire, represented a radical but logical extension of the Gothic tendency toward a skeletal structure.[6]

A needle-spire is a particularly tall and narrow spire emerging from a tower surrounded by a parapet. In general, the term applies to considerably larger and more refined spires than the name Hertfordshire spike.[1]

A pinnacle is a miniature spire that was used both as a decorative and functional element. In early Gothic, as at Notre-Dame de Paris, stone pinnacles were placed atop flying buttresses, to give them additional weight and stability, and to counterbalance the outward thrust from the rib vaults of the nave. As an ornament, they were used to break up the horizontal lines, such as parapets and the roofs of towers. In later Gothic, they were sometimes often clustered together into forests of vertical ornament.

In Gothic architecture, where the spire is most commonly used, and particularly in Gothic cathedrals and churches it symbolised the heavenly aspirations of churches' builders, as well as offering a visual spectacle of extreme height.[4] It also suggested, by its similarity to a spear point, the power and strength of religion.[10]

SPIRE Hospitality leads the way in innovative, comprehensive, and hands-on hotel management. Combining 35+ years of proven industry experience with collaborative and transparent leadership, an engaged culture of high-performance, and a focus on people, passion, and purpose, SPIRE is known for maximizing asset value while curating uniquely personalized, unforgettable guest experiences.

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In addition to the type classes themselves, spire.implicits defines many implicits which provide unary and infix operators for the type classes. The easiest way to use these is via a wildcard import of spire.implicits._.

The type classes provide type-safe equivalence and comparison functions. Orderings can be total (Order) or partial (PartialOrder); although undefined elements like NaN or null will cause problems in the default implementations (for floating-point numbers, alternate implementations that take NaN into account can be imported from spire.optional.totalfloat._).

Selection methods can be found in an analogous spire.math.Selection object. Given an array and an index k these methods put the kth largest element at position k, ensuring that all preceding elements are less-than or equal-to, and all succeeding elements are greater-than or equal-to, the kth element.

Searching methods are located in the spire.math.Searching object. Given a sorted array (or indexed sequence), these methods will locate the index of the desired element (or return -1 if it is not found).

Spire comes with many different PRNG implementations, which extends the spire.random.Generator interface. Generators are mutable RNGs that support basic operations like nextInt. Unlike Java, generators are not threadsafe by default; synchronous instances can be attained by calling the .sync method.

Spire supports generating random instances of arbitrary types using the spire.random.Dist[A] type class. These instances represent a strategy for getting random values using a Generator instance. For instance:

Our spire configuration uses smaller collectors, one for each welding cell, ducted to the hood over the cell. This system is very flexible, simple to install and maintain, and easy to move with the welding cell. The single filter design makes filter change out fast and easy. Includes built-in spark arrestance.

At the ledge, we walked down and right through the tunnel. During the original 1953 ascent of Burgundy Spire, Beckey and co. did not find this tunnel, which gives access to 5.8 terrain up to the summit. Instead, this 6 pitch route took them 3 days and involved lots of aiding, fixed ropes, and big wall tactics. Now, we were cruising up this spire in a short afternoon! It is incredible how modern gear has changed climbing.

It was interesting to consider the thought of how this area would have changed if a huge ski resort had been installed on the Silver Star Massif back in the 50s. There would be dozens of rock routes on the wine spires, Mazama would be a large resort town, and the dry pow would be amazing. But ultimately (and thankfully?), Whistler was chosen instead.

Are you a program manager who wants to support cross-context skill development? We want to hear from you! Contact us atspire-support@umich.eduif you have any questions or want to see if Spire can help you reach your goals.

Opened in 2019, the Ausherman Black Box Theatre serves as the home of New Spire Arts. We inspire creative engagement for the Frederick, Maryland community by providing programming centered around live music and the performing arts, accessible to all ages. We curate vibrant, unique, and unforgettable events and experiences featuring a mix of touring artists, musicians, and performers and collaboration with local arts organizations and aspiring artists.

I want to compare two docx files and for this reason I am using Ice blue spire api which compare two documents, and checks whether the two documents are identical or not. I am using the following gradle dependency to my gradle project.It is saying unresolved dependency. 006ab0faaa

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