The Late Cretaceous Period (100.5–66 million years ago) was named after the Latin word creta ("chalk") due to its abundant chalk deposits. It featured a warm, greenhouse climate with lush vegetation, shallow seas, and thriving dinosaur ecosystems until a mass extinction ended the era.

In the Late Cretaceous, North Africa featured tropical wetlands, river systems, and coastal plains. Its warm, humid climate supported diverse life, including Spinosaurus, other dinosaurs, and aquatic species, creating a blend of marine and terrestrial ecosystems.