Spinal Cord Injury Ppt Download __FULL_

A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the bundle of nerves and nerve fibers that sends and receives signals from the brain. The spinal cord extends from the lower part of the brain down through the lower back.

SCI can be caused by direct injury to the spinal cord itself or from damage to the tissue and bones (vertebrae) that surround the spinal cord. This damage can cause temporary or permanent changes in feeling, movement, strength, and body functions below the site of injury.

Spinal Cord Injury Ppt Download

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A spinal cord injury can damage a few, many, or almost all of the nerve fibers that cross the site of injury. If the injury causes little or no nerve cell death, a person can make an almost complete recovery.

The spinal cord is a soft, cylindrical column of tightly bundled cells (nerve cells and glia), nerve fibers that transmit nerve signals (called axons), and blood vessels. It sends and receives information between the brain and the rest of the body. Millions of nerve cells situated in the spinal cord itself coordinate complex patterns of movements such as rhythmic breathing and walking.

The spinal cord extends from the brain to the lower back through a canal in the center of the vertebrae. Like the brain, the spinal cord is protected by three layers of tissue and is surrounded by the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that acts as a cushion against shock or injury.

The spinal column, which surrounds and protects the spinal cord, is made up of 33 rings of bone (vertebrae), pads of cartilage (discs), and narrow spaces called foramen that act as passages for spinal nerves to travel to and from the rest of the body. The spinal cord is particularly vulnerable to direct injury within the foramen.

Motor vehicle accidents and serious falls are the most common causes of SCI in the U.S. Other causes include acts of violence (primarily gunshot wounds and assaults), sports injuries, medical or surgical injury, industrial accidents, diseases, and conditions that can damage the spinal cord. Risk factors include age (either being between the ages of 16 and 30, or after age 65 for dangerous falls), alcohol use, certain diseases, or not wearing proper gear, such as a seat belt or protective sports equipment.

At the accident scene, if SCI is suspected, emergency personnel will place a rigid collar around the neck and carefully place the individual on a backboard to prevent further damage to the spinal cord. They may use sedatives to relax the person and prevent movement. A breathing tube may be inserted if there are problems breathing and the body isn't receiving enough oxygen from the lungs.

The initial phase of rehabilitation after injury is usually focused on regaining communication skills and leg and arm strength. Adaptive or assistive devices may help people with SCI to regain independence and improve mobility and quality of life. Depending on the severity of the injury, the person may need braces, a wheelchair, electronic stimulators, assisted training with walking, neural prosthetics (assistive devices that may stimulate the nerves to restore lost functions), computer adaptations, and other computer-assisted technology. Adaptive devices can also help with communication skills such as writing, typing, and using the telephone.

NINDS investment in establishing the field of neural devices has supported significant advances with potential to improve post-injury quality of life for people with SCI. For example, researchers are developing an electrical stimulation system that is used as a network to restore functional independence through combined implants for hand function, postural control, and bowel and bladder control. Other research involves stimulating the spinal cord below the level of injury to help spared cells and fibers function. NINDS has also led development of experimental brain computer interfaces that enable people to control a computer cursor or robotic arm directly from their brains.

Further research includes basic spinal cord function studies on how the spinal cord develops, processes sensory information, controls movement, and generates rhythmic patterns like walking and breathing. Studies using cells and animal models provide an essential foundation for developing interventions for spinal cord injury. And research on injury mechanisms focuses on what causes immediate harm and on the cascade of reactions the body deploys that protect from (or contribute to) secondary damage in the hours and days following a SCI This includes testing neuroprotective interventions in animal models.

Spinal cord injury and rehabilitation research centers maintain registries of people interested in participating in ongoing or future clinical studies. A multi-site network supported by the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation called the NeuroRecovery Network (NRN) accepts volunteer research participants. Signing up for the registry does not obligate a person to participate in a study. Registries are designed to help gather a list of potential participants that can be consulted as studies are initiated.

A spinal cord injury involves damage to any part of the spinal cord. It also can include damage to nerves at the end of the spinal cord, known as the cauda equina. The spinal cord sends and receives signals between the brain and the rest of the body. A spinal cord injury often causes permanent changes in strength, feeling and other body functions below the site of the injury.

Many scientists are optimistic that advances in research will someday make repair of spinal cord injuries possible. Research studies are ongoing around the world. In the meantime, treatments and rehabilitation allow many people with spinal cord injuries to lead productive, independent lives.

Spinal cord injuries can result from damage to the spinal cord itself or to the bones that surround the spinal cord, known as the vertebrae. Injuries also may happen as a result of damage to the ligaments or disks of the spinal column.

A sudden, traumatic blow to the spine can fracture, dislocate, crush or compress one or more of the vertebrae. A gunshot or knife wound that penetrates and cuts the spinal cord also can cause a spinal cord injury.

The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The spinal cord is made of soft tissue and is surrounded by bones called vertebrae. It extends down from the base of the brain and contains nerve cells and groups of nerves called tracts. The tracts go to different parts of your body.

Tracts in your spinal cord carry messages between your brain and the rest of your body. Motor tracts carry signals from your brain to control muscle movement. Sensory tracts carry signals from body parts to your brain relating to heat, cold, pressure, pain, and the position of your arms and legs.

Whether the cause is traumatic or nontraumatic, spinal cord damage affects the nerve fibers passing through the injured area. This can impair part of or all the muscles and nerves below the injury site.

An injury to the chest or lower back can affect the trunk, legs, bowel, bladder and sexual function. A neck injury affects the same areas plus movements of the arms and possibly the ability to breathe.

A spinal cord injury can lead to many complications. Your rehabilitation team helps you develop tools to address these complications. The team also recommends equipment and resources to promote your quality of life and independence. Areas often affected include:

Bladder control. The bladder continues to store urine from the kidneys after a spinal cord injury. But the injury may interfere with the brain receiving the messages it needs to control the bladder.

Pressure injuries. Below the neurological level of your injury, you might have lost some or all skin sensations. Therefore, your skin can't send a message to your brain when it's injured by certain things such as prolonged pressure.

Circulatory control. People with a spinal cord injury may have low blood pressure when they rise, known as orthostatic hypotension. They also may have swelling in the arms and legs. This can increase the risk of developing blood clots, such as deep vein thrombosis or a pulmonary embolus.

The neurological level of injury determines what kind of breathing problems you may have. If the injury affects your neck and chest, you might have an increased risk of pneumonia or other lung conditions. Medicines and therapy can be helpful for treatment and prevention.

Fitness and wellness. Weight loss and muscle thinning are common soon after a spinal cord injury. Because limited mobility can lead to a more sedentary lifestyle, there is a risk of weight gain, cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

Your spine is made of many bones called vertebrae. Your spinal cord runs downward through a canal in the center of these bones. The spinal cord is a bundle of nerves that carries messages between the brain and the rest of the body for movement and sensation.

Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is due to a traumatic injury that bruises, partially tears, or completely tears the spinal cord. SCI is a common cause of permanent disability and death in children and adults.

Some people are at higher risk for SCI than others. Average age at the time of injury has increased over the past few decades and is currently 42 years. Most people who suffer SCIs are male. Non-Hispanic whites are at higher risk for SCI than any other ethnic group.

Right after a spinal cord injury, your spine may be in shock. This causes loss or decrease in feeling, muscle movement, and reflexes. But, as swelling eases, other symptoms may appear depending on the location of the injury.

Generally, the higher up the level of the injury is to the spinal cord, the more severe the symptoms. For example, an injury to the neck, the first and second vertebrae in the spinal column (C1, C2), or the mid-cervical vertebrae (C3, C4, and C5) affects the respiratory muscles and the ability to breathe. A lower injury, in the lumbar vertebrae, may affect nerve and muscle control to the bladder, bowel, and legs, and sexual function. 2351a5e196