Because it did not use impellers, starships using it were almost undetectable in operation. On the downside, the acceleration rates of this new means of propulsion were modest and substantially lower than with traditional drives. Still, the military advantages were substantial.

The spider drive propelled the vessel in question through N-space (normal or Einsteinian space). The system used a number of tractor/pressor beams of unprecedented power to pierce and tractor on to the "Alpha Wall" boundary between N-space and hyperspace. By tractoring the hyper wall further in advance of the ship and "pulling" itself along, the ship obtained motion. Spider drives were a very stealthy way of moving a ship, as they produced no gravity field above and below it, thus gravitic sensors were unable to detect a drive signature.


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However, any ship crossing the hyper wall between normal space and hyperspace, would radiate a hyper footprint that could be detected. But that footprint could be significantly reduced if the ship took proper care with the transition and made the transition far enough from a sensitive detection grid. The fact that an impeller wedge would then give away the location of the ship normally made such maneuvers impractical. The inherent difficulty in detecting a spider drive made such care much more practical and worthwhile, as shown during Oyster Bay.

However, the spider drive was only effectively capable of imparting a normal space acceleration of around 200 gravities due to a lack of inertial compensators, compared to impellers offering known accelerations of up to 700 gravities or 7kps. Maximum speed was limited, as with most ships, to 0.8c in normal space due to radiation and shielding issues. Thus the lower acceleration meant that it would take a spider drive vessel longer to reach maximum speed, a military disadvantage. A spider drive produced no impeller wedge and no sidewalls, which normally served as the main protection of a starship. (SI2)

The spider drive required a style of ship building different to that of impeller or reaction thruster powered craft. Mesan spider drive vessels were trilaterally symmetric because of the need for three sets of tractors to stabilize movement. This was a significant departure from the traditional hammerhead design used in the majority of naval construction. The lack of a protective wedge meant there was no unarmored "top" or "bottom," and such ships had three sets of broadside weapons in between their three drive "keels" instead of an impeller drive ship's two.

The spider drive also required improvements on gravitic plating technology, as the vessel in question had no wedge and therefore no gravity sump for an inertial compensator to work with to neutralize the effects of acceleration. Because grav-plates carried the load of compensating for acceleration, spider drive ships were wider, with their decks oriented perpendicular to the axis of motion (i.e. the front of the ship is "up" internally). (SI2)

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This past Saturday was a glorious day. Not a cloud in the sky, temperatures in the mid 70sF, and with Mrs. SSO booked into a local spa for half a day of pampering, I was left with the perfect opportunity to pull a couple of cars out of the garage and just go enjoy a drive.

Wolf Spiders are intelligent and can make a home almost anywhere. They are wanderers who hide in vegetation or sand, but some Wolf Spiders will dig tunnels or burrows. These spiders can be territorial of their homes, while others do not claim one at all.

Wolf Spiders are a typically harmless pest in your home or yard. The bite of a Wolf Spider is rare and only occurs when the spider is mishandled or feels threatened. And, while there may be some pain, most healthy adults are not affected by a Wolf Spider bite.

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Spider silk fibers are produced from soluble proteins (spidroins) under ambient conditions in a complex but poorly understood process. Spidroins are highly repetitive in sequence but capped by nonrepetitive N- and C-terminal domains (NT and CT) that are suggested to regulate fiber conversion in similar manners. By using ion selective microelectrodes we found that the pH gradient in the silk gland is much broader than previously known. Surprisingly, the terminal domains respond in opposite ways when pH is decreased from 7 to 5: Urea denaturation and temperature stability assays show that NT dimers get significantly stabilized and then lock the spidroins into multimers, whereas CT on the other hand is destabilized and unfolds into ThT-positive -sheet amyloid fibrils, which can trigger fiber formation. There is a high carbon dioxide pressure (pCO2) in distal parts of the gland, and a CO2 analogue interacts with buried regions in CT as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Activity staining of histological sections and inhibition experiments reveal that the pH gradient is created by carbonic anhydrase. Carbonic anhydrase activity emerges in the same region of the gland as the opposite effects on NT and CT stability occur. These synchronous events suggest a novel CO2 and proton-dependent lock and trigger mechanism of spider silk formation.

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Technical Abstract: Although spiders can colonize crop fields by ballooning, dispersal capabilities are likely to differ between spider species. Web-building spiders typically balloon at higher rates than hunting spiders. Most studies of spider ballooning have focused on open habitats where meteorological conditions may favor ballooning, and few have documented the aerial spider faunas of both crop fields and putative source habitats. We monitored spiders in the air and in the foliage of California vineyards and adjacent oak woodland, to compare ballooning spider faunas between these disparate habitats, and to determine whether highly dispersive species contributed disproportionately to the spider community in vineyards. Results show that the majority of ballooners in both habitats were web-building dwarf spiders, Erigone spp. (Linyphiidae), although hunting spiders were also well represented in the air, especially in oak woodland. Most ballooning woodland spiders appeared to be residents of oak woodland. Conversely, only a subset of the aerial spider fauna appeared to establish in vineyard in high numbers. Most of the spiders that dominated the aerial fauna were underrepresented in vineyard foliage, whereas several hunting spiders ballooned at low rates but dominated vineyard spider composition. The same meteorological variables appeared to trigger ballooning in both habitats; insolation and maximum daily temperature were correlated with numbers of web-building and hunting spiders, respectively. Results suggest that aerial dispersal ability may allow spiders to reach vineyards, but that establishment depends on habitat preferences and/or competitive ability.

This work focused on the tangle web spider, known to scientists as Anelosimus studiosus, which lives in North Carolina and across North and South America. In this species, individual spiders have either one of two personalities: docile or highly aggressive. Together, they not only share the same living space but also share in the duties of brood care and capturing of prey.

In other words, not a single aggressive spider was able to reproduce at 93 degrees Fahrenheit and most of them died at that temperature. But when Ingley and his team added docile spiders to the mix, the aggressive spiders thrived in that diverse community at that temperature.

A striking feature of web-building spiders is the use of silk to make webs, mainly for prey capture. However, building a web is energetically expensive and increases the risk of predation. To reduce such costs and still have access to abundant prey, some web-building spiders have evolved web invasion behaviour. In general, no consistent patterns of web invasion have emerged and the factors determining web invasion remain largely unexplored. Here we report web invasion among conspecifics in seven nocturnal species of orb-web spiders, and examined the factors determining the probability of webs that could be invaded and taken over by conspecifics. About 36% of webs were invaded by conspecifics, and 25% of invaded webs were taken over by the invaders. A web that was built higher and intercepted more prey was more likely to be invaded. Once a web was invaded, the smaller the size of the resident spider, the more likely its web would be taken over by the invader. This study suggests that web invasion, as a possible way of reducing costs, may be widespread in nocturnal orb-web spiders.

Competition is an interaction between organisms or species, in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of another. Competition occurs in a wide range of generalist predators and is perceived by many researchers to be common among spiders (Lee and Klasing, 2004; Wise, 2006). The striking feature of web-building spiders is the use of silk to make webs mainly for prey capture (Foelix, 2011). Competition for web-building spiders not only involves competition over prey, but also over suitable websites and possibly the web itself (Eichenberger et al., 2009). Web-building spiders are known to invade the webs of conspecifics and displace them from the web (Wise, 2006). Web invasion is linked to competition for a web itself and for space among adult spiders (Hoffmaster, 1986). Some species of web-building spiders are expected to take over a web of other spiders rather than build its own web, because building a web is not only energetically expensive and time-consuming, but also greatly increases predation risk (Wise, 1983). For example, when spiders were released onto webs of heterospecifics, Linyphia triangularis (Araneae: Linyphiidae) was more likely to take over or share webs of Frontinella communis than the reverse (Houser et al., 2014). On the other hand, an existing web is a sign of a potentially good site and is an already constructed foraging device (Harwood et al., 2003). Therefore, it is often assumed that if the web value is determined by prey intake, web invasion would be more often present at prey-rich sites (Harwood et al., 2003; Glover, 2013; Houser et al., 2014). 006ab0faaa

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