Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell
Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell
– We are living longer than ever before.
#How Science Has Made It Possible for Humans to Live Longer, 2017
http://genolevures.org/science-health/how-science-made-possible-to-live-longer/
#Breaking the Ceiling of Human Maximal Life span, 2018
https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article/73/11/1465/4602243
– We also spend a larger and larger portion of our lives being sick.
#Does time spent in hospital in the final 15 years of life increase with age at death? A population based study, 1999
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC28281/
– Scientists are trying to shift the attention from optimizing lifespans to optimizing health spans.
#Lifespan and Healthspan: Past, Present, and Promise, 2015
https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article/55/6/901/2605490
#What's more important than your life span? Your health span, 2013
– The science of aging has made enormous progress in the last few years.
#Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs That Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime, 2007
#Mitochondria: Central Organelles for Melatonin′s Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Actions, 2018
https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/2/509/htm
#The Search for Antiaging Interventions: From Elixirs to Fasting Regimens, 2014
– Each time one of your cells divides, it copies its chromosomes.
#The Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis, retrieved 2019
https://www2.le.ac.uk/projects/vgec/highereducation/topics/cellcycle-mitosis-meiosis
– We have long segments of DNA called telomeres.
#Telomere, 2018
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomere
#Nobel Lecture by Elizabeth H. Blackburn, 2009
https://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/?id=1214
– The telomeres are gone and the cell becomes a zombie. A senescent cell.
#15 - Cellular Senescence, 2015
https://www.sciencedirect.com/sdfe/pdf/download/eid/3-s2.0-B9781455740666000159/first-page-pdf
#The role of senescent cells in ageing, 2014
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4214092/
Updated version:
#The role of senescent cells in ageing, 2014
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13193
– They are linked to many diseases like diabetes and kidney failure.
#Cellular senescence links aging and diabetes in cardiovascular disease, 2018
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29750567
#Cellular senescence in the aging and diseased kidney, 2018
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5842195/
– Genetically engineered mice could destroy their senescent cells as they pleased.
#Destroying worn-out cells makes mice live longer, 2016
https://www.nature.com/news/destroying-worn-out-cells-makes-mice-live-longer-1.19287
Summary of:
#Naturally occurring p16Ink4a-positive cells shorten healthy lifespan, 2016
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16932
– Overall they lived up to 30% longer and in better health than average mice.
#Destroying worn-out cells makes mice live longer, 2016
https://www.nature.com/news/destroying-worn-out-cells-makes-mice-live-longer-1.19287
Summary of:
#Naturally occurring p16Ink4a-positive cells shorten healthy lifespan, 2016
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16932
– Most cells in the body commit cell suicide when they are damaged. Senescent cells don’t.
#Tricking a Cancer Cell into Committing Suicide or Apoptosis, 2017
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5346095/
#Senescence and apoptosis: dueling or complementary cell fates?, 2014
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4253488/
– It turns out that they underproduce a protein that tells them when it’s time to die.
#Debilities of Aging Reversed by Protein That Targets Senescent Cells, 2017
– Mice were given an injection of this protein – it killed 80% of all their senescent cells.
#Aging of mice is associated with p16(Ink4a)- and β-galactosidase-positive macrophage accumulation that can be induced in young mice by senescent cells, 2016
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4993332/
#The Science of SENSOlytics™, retrieved 2019
https://www.oisinbio.com/#great-results
– As a result, there are a number of new companies looking at treatments involving senescent cells.
#The Science of SENSOlytics™, retrieved 2019
https://www.oisinbio.com/#great-results
#Siwa Therapeutics, retrieved 2019
https://siwatherapeutics.com/home/
– Cells constantly need to be destroyed, cleaned up and rebuilt.
#Tissue repair: The hidden drama, 2010
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.4161/org.6.4.12555
– One of these parts is NAD+, a coenzyme that tells our cells to look after themselves.
#Emerging therapeutic roles for NAD+ metabolism in mitochondrial and age-related disorders, 2016
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4963347/
– At age 50 we only have about half as much in our bodies as we do at age 20.
#Anti-Aging Mechanisms of NAD+, 2018
https://www.lifeextension.com/Magazine/2018/2/Anti-Aging-Effects-Of-NAD/Page-01
#Why NAD+ Declines during Aging: It’s Destroyed, 2016
– Low amounts of it are linked to a whole bunch of diseases.
#NAD + biosynthesis, aging, and disease, 2018
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5795269/
#Role of NAD+ and mitochondrial sirtuins in cardiac and renal diseases, 2017
https://www.nature.com/articles/nrneph.2017.5
#The Importance of NAD in Multiple Sclerosis, 2009
http://www.eurekaselect.com/68341/article
Newer version of:
#The Importance of NAD in Multiple Sclerosis, 2009
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2651433/
– But NAD+ can’t enter cells, so we can’t get it as a pill.
#NAD+ Metabolism and the Control of Energy Homeostasis: A Balancing Act between Mitochondria and the Nucleus, 2015
– Scientists noticed that more flexible substances could enter cells and turn into NAD+ inside.
#NRK1 controls nicotinamide mononucleotide and nicotinamide riboside metabolism in mammalian cells, 2016
https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13103
– In 2016 multiple trials on mice showed that they boosted the multiplication of stem cells.
#NAD+ repletion improves mitochondrial and stem cell function and enhances life span in mice, 2016
– This even got NASA interested.
#NASA to Test Fountain of Youth on Astronauts in Six Months, 2017
https://mysteriousuniverse.org/2017/03/nasa-to-test-fountain-of-youth-on-astronauts-in-six-months/
– There are human trials being planned right now.
#Chronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation is well-tolerated and elevates NAD+ in healthy middle-aged and older adults, 2018
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-03421-7
– Stem cells are like cell blueprints that sit at various places in the body.
#What are stem cells, and what do they do?, 2018
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323343.php
– But they decline as we age and so we decline too.
#Effect of aging on stem cells, 2017
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5316899/
– Stem cells from baby mice brains were injected into the brains of middle aged mice.
#Brain’s stem cells slow ageing in mice, 2017
https://www.nature.com/news/brain-s-stem-cells-slow-ageing-in-mice-1.22367#/b1
Summary of:
#Hypothalamic stem cells control ageing speed partly through exosomal miRNAs, 2017
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature23282
– Stem cells from mice embryos were injected directly into the hearts of older mice.
#Cardiac stem cells from young hearts could rejuvenate old hearts, new study shows, 2017
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-08/cmc-csc081017.php
Summary of:
#Cardiac and systemic rejuvenation after cardiosphere-derived cell therapy in senescent rats, 2017
https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/38/39/2957/4080843
Further Reading:
– With very old age, the probability of dying may not rise anymore.
#Once you hit this age, aging appears to stop, 2018
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/06/once-you-hit-age-aging-appears-stop
– Ageism: Stereotyping someone based on their age.
#Ageism, 2019