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The model was constructed in 1950 with funds provided by the Office of Naval Research and under the direction of Professor Clifford A. Barnes to investigate the tidal currents in Admiralty Inlet. The extreme complexity of tidal flow in this area makes a detailed understanding of their characteristics very difficult, if not almost impossible, by field observations alone. A physical model was considered to be the most appropriate method for obtaining the desired information, provided that acceptable representation could be achieved.

Prior to the start of construction of the present model, a detailed theoretical study was made to investigate suitable model scales. The primary requirement for proper representation is that flows must be turbulent. Normally, turbulence is a function of both channel dimensions and speed of flow. However, in Puget Sound the channels are irregular and flow speeds are variable from near zero to several knots, depending on tide characteristics and time of tide. To be conservative, straight, uniform channels were assumed in this theoretical study. Additional considerations were the ultimate size of the model, space available, and cost of construction. These studies resulted in selection of a horizontal scale of 1:40,000 and a vertical scale of 1:1,152. From these two scales all others are derived by mathematical relationships. The model scales and their prototype equivalents are shown in Table 2. It will be noted that the horizontal and vertical scales are not the same. The vertical scale (depth) is exaggerated by a factor of 34.7. This was necessary to provide sufficient depth for turbulent flow to occur in the principal channels except during periods of slack water, and to reduce the effect of surface tension in shoal areas such as tide flats.

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Tidal behavior is strongly affected by the interaction of the physical characteristics of the entire system, e.g., tidal exchange volume, dimensions, bathymetry, and configuration of the system, with the tidal periods and amplitudes. Thus, although investigation only of Admiralty Inlet was the initial objective, it was considered desirable to model the entire system. This has permitted extension of studies to include a major portion of the system.

Following the theoretical studies and before starting construction of the present model, a "pilot model" of the Admiralty Inlet area was made. This model, which provided for only a one-way flow to simulate different flood tides, was made to evaluate suitability of the selected scales and to verify, qualitatively, critical flow behavior. This model indicated that the selected scales were satisfactory for the planned studies and would result in a model meeting the space and cost limitations. Construction of the Puget Sound Model was started in the spring of 1950, and the basin was completed by the end of that year. Design, construction, and installation of control equipment and preliminary instrumentation were accomplished the following year. Initial trial runs for testing and verification of representation were then commenced. Improvements in control equipment, instrumentation, and operating techniques have continued to the present time.

The model basin was formed by making a concrete casting from hand-carved wood patterns. Charts of the area were contoured and the contours transferred at the proper scale to pine boards planed to a thickness corresponding to the contour intervals. After being sawed to the contour lines, the sections were laminated. The excess wood was carefully removed, with frequent reference to the charts to ensure accuracy, to produce the patterns corresponding to the water volume and air space to 150 feet above Mean High Water. A total of 26 individual pattern sections were required. The patterns were inverted and surveyed into position with reference to a latitude-longitude grid established on the model-support platform and secured. A form was built around the assembled patterns, and sheet metal was placed between the pattern sections. This enabled the entire basin to be cast at one time but in sections that could be handled and would fit together properly. After the concrete had hardened, the individual sections were separated, righted, the patterns removed, and the model reassembled.

Tidal action is the principal driving force on the dynamic oceanographic processes occurring in Puget Sound, and thus must be represented accurately in the model. The tide computer constructed for the model is the Kelvin type, similar in principal to the machine used until 1966 by the U.S. Coast & Geodetic Survey for preparing the published Tide Tables. The computer for the model provides summation of six cosine functions representing the six major tidal constituents as listed in Table 3. Tides for any specified calendar period can be computed with an accuracy governed by the limitation of only six constituents, while at least 37 are used in computing the published tide predictions. The error generally is less than 0.5 scale feet, although it can amount to a theoretical maximum ear 1.5 scale feet. It may be noted that in nature meteorological effects can cause deviations of actual tides by as much as 2.5 feet from the predictions.

Tides in the model are generated by displacement of water in the headbox by a plunger whose vertical movement is driven by the tide computer. The plunger is shaped to compensate for the tidal prism resulting from the change in "flooded area" between high and low tides caused by the beach slope.

Because of the critical importance of tidal behavior to accurate representation, and its dependence on bathymetry and system configuration, the model was made as accurately as possible to duplicate these tidal characteristics at all locations.

No small-scale model can exactly duplicate behavior of the prototype. This is because of parameters that cannot be scaled and because of the scale distortions. One of the principal factors that must be neglected in the model is wind. Wind effects cannot be correctly simulated mainly because of surface tension effects and the effects of land topography. This is an important limitation because winds an wave contribute to mixing, and wind drag on the surface can modify the tides, surface transport, and water exchange processes. Surface tension cannot be eliminated; thus, water movement in very shallow areas and close to the shoreline is unreliable. Reduction of surface tension by the addition of a surface-active agent or detergent is insufficient to justify other undesirable side effects. Viscosity cannot be scaled so flow through very small channels is somewhat impeded, and small-scale turbulence is reduced. It is impractical to use a liquid of lower viscosity in the model because of the requirement for density gradients generated by the intermixing of seawater and river discharges.

The above factors make it necessary to verify model observations by comparison with field observations made at comparable times and locations. With such comparable data available, the model can be used effectively to interpolate field data in both space and time and to some extent predict processes resulting from a given set of conditions.

The model is used for basic and applied research and as a teaching aid for classes relating to the marine sciences. During the past several years, the model has been used extensively in studies associated with marine environmental problems. These have included investigations of the behavior of effluent plumes from existing outfalls, probable dispersion and flushing from proposed outfalls, and the selection of outfall sites. In addition, the model has been of great interest to boaters and fishermen. In response to this interest, the model was used as the basis for preparing Tide Prints, a publication depicting surface tidal flows within Puget Sound. The model also has been used to some extent in studies relating to oil spills. However, because of its limitations, particularly with regard to wind effects and the difficulty of properly scaling the properties of oils, its use in this application has been limited.

For the purpose of oceanographic studies, the model can be considered as an analog computer in which critical parameters can be controlled. From this standpoint, the principal features of the model include the following:

The time scale is such that in this model an hour in nature becomes only about three seconds; therefore, a tidal day (24 hours 50 minutes) passes in 76 seconds. Dynamic processes that require days or weeks in nature can be observed within relatively short observing periods and can be repeated at will. Specific calendar periods can be represented and model observations timed to within less than 15 minutes of a specific time for comparison with field observations.

Equally important is the fact that in the model, time is not a one-dimensional parameter. The model can be operated to investigate past events, or with equal ease can be used to predict processes related to tidal action. Conditions for a particular period can be repeated at will, thus enabling observations made at multiple locations under identical conditions to be treated as having been made simultaneously.

Deltas are present at the mouths of all the major rivers represented in the model. They range in size from that of the Skagit River, which covers Skagit Bay, to very small deltas off the mouth of the smaller Hood Canal rivers, such as the Hamma Hamma or Dosewallips.

When observing upwelling, it must be remembered that vertical motion of water in the model is only qualitatively represented. Where upwelling occurs in nature, upwelling occurs in the model, but the magnitude of the motion in the model is not correct because of the vertical distortion.

One thing I recognised tho, when I touch the 3.5mm jack while it is plugged into my studio monitors, I hear that typical humming sound. When I use the adapter to 6.3mm, there is no sound when I touch the jack. So seems like that there is no proper connection between the mini jack and the adapter. 2351a5e196