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Our research broadly investigates the bio–geophysical complexity through which Earth surface patterns evolve across space and time via dynamic interactions among vegetation, soil, landforms, hydrology, and climate. We aim to elucidate this complexity in terms of three central themes: scale dependence, feedbacks between biotic and abiotic components, and spatial autocorrelation. A core contribution of our work has been to integrate these perspectives into mainstream Earth-science analyses, thereby advancing conceptual and quantitative models that challenge and refine existing theories. Our investigations combine intensive field observations with a suite of analytical tools, including GIS-based spatial analysis, predictive vegetation and soil mapping, digital terrain modeling, multivariate statistics, and applications of algebraic graph theory.