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Our research broadly focuses on bio–geophysical complexity in which Earth surface patterns are molded over space and time through dynamic interactions among vegetation, soil, landform, hydrology, and climate.  Our overarching research goal is to understand such complexity in the particular contexts of scale-dependence, feedbacks between biotic and abiotic components, and the effects of spatial autocorrelation.  A central contribution of our research has been to make these topics integral to the conventional analyses in Earth sciences, thereby developing both conceptual and quantitative models that suggest revisions of the existing concepts and theories.  We have accomplished our research through intensive field work and the subsequent combination of various analytic approaches, including GIS-based spatial analysis, predictive vegetation and soil mapping, digital terrain modeling, multivariate statistics, and application of algebraic graph theory.