Activities : 

Dr. Krishnamoorthy Asokan held several pivotal field and administrative roles throughout his distinguished career. From 1996 to 2000, he served as a Wildlife Veterinarian at the Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park, where he gained vital hands-on experience in elephant behavior, captive calf rearing, postmortem procedures, and frontline wildlife rescue. Between 2011 and 2014, he served as Zoo Director of the V.O.C. Mini Zoological Park under the Coimbatore Corporation, where he led several animal welfare initiatives, conducted surgeries on birds and reptiles, and launched Tamil Nadu’s first artificial hatching program for snake eggs, resulting in the successful release of over 1,000 hatchlings into the wild. He also organized more than 1,000 wildlife awareness programs with a special focus on urban conservation and reptile safety. From 2016 to 2022, Dr. Asokan was posted at the Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve, where he led several critical elephant rescues, performed over 140 wild elephant postmortems, and pioneered India’s first radio telemetry transmitter study on Indian Rock Pythons, using gas anesthesia and advanced surgical techniques. These diverse roles reflect his lifelong dedication to both captive and free-ranging wildlife conservation across Tamil Nadu. 

Areas of Work:

  Outstanding Scientific Work / Field work for Preservation and Conservation of Wildlife, especially the endangered species. Awareness, Motivation and extension Work

Seminars and Workshops: Wildlife Management

Dr. Krish. Asokan's commitment to wildlife health and conservation is demonstrated through his extensive involvement in specialized training, seminars, and workshops. He has undergone advanced training in Handling of Tranquilizer Guns, Wildlife Conservation Health & Disease Management, Basic Fire Fighting and Rescue, and Wildlife Management.

Dr. Asokan has actively participated in national and international workshops, including the National Level Workshop on Conservation Management Strategies on Native Cattle & Vulture, the Avian & Exotic Pet Medicine Emergency and Critical Care conference, and the 8th International Conference on Environment and Ecology.

He has also conducted numerous webinars for college students and attended over 200 webinars on wildlife management and disaster management. His dedication to continuous learning and knowledge sharing has significantly advanced wildlife conservation and veterinary science, earning him multiple certificates and recognition for his contributions.

Snake Conservation in India

India is home to a rich diversity of snake species, including some of the world’s most iconic and medically significant serpents such as the Indian cobra, Russell’s viper, common krait, and saw-scaled viper—collectively known as the "Big Four." In addition, the country harbors numerous non-venomous and endangered species like the Indian rock python, king cobra, red sand boa, and green keelback, all of which play vital ecological roles in controlling rodent populations and maintaining biodiversity. Despite their ecological importance, snakes in India face significant threats from habitat loss, urbanization, road mortality, illegal wildlife trade, and fear-driven killings. Conservation efforts are gaining momentum through the combined efforts of forest departments, NGOs, herpetologists, snake rescuers, and veterinarians. Awareness campaigns, anti-venom research, habitat protection, and community education are crucial aspects of these efforts. Several states now conduct snake awareness programs and training workshops to promote safe coexistence between humans and snakes. Rescue and rehabilitation centers play a vital role in saving injured or displaced snakes, while the identification and treatment of diseases—pioneered by wildlife veterinarians—have enhanced the survival rate of snakes brought in from the wild. Iconic conservation projects, such as the King Cobra Telemetry Project in the Western Ghats and the Indian Rock Python Radio Telemetry Study, have provided critical data on movement, habitat preferences, and threats. However, the lack of legal protection for many species under the Wildlife Protection Act continues to be a challenge. Effective snake conservation in India requires stronger legal frameworks, continued scientific research, public engagement, and the integration of traditional ecological knowledge with modern conservation strategies to ensure that these misunderstood yet essential reptiles thrive for generations to come.

Causes and Consequences of Snake Population Decline

Snake populations are declining rapidly due to a combination of ecological disruptions and human-induced threats. One of the main causes is habitat loss, which results from agricultural expansion, deforestation, and urbanization. These activities destroy and fragment the natural environments that snakes depend on for shelter, hunting, and reproduction.

Pollution is another major factor. Industrial waste and pesticides from agriculture contaminate the ecosystems, introducing toxic chemicals that enter the food chain. These pollutants accumulate in snake bodies, affecting their health and reproductive success over time.

A decline in prey species, such as frogs, lizards, and rodents, directly impacts snake survival. When prey becomes scarce due to environmental degradation or pollution, snakes struggle to find enough food, leading to malnutrition and reduced population growth.

Snakes are also frequently killed out of fear or misunderstanding. Many people, particularly in rural areas, kill snakes on sight due to the fear of venomous species. Unfortunately, this leads to the unnecessary loss of even non-venomous and ecologically important snakes.

Climate change further intensifies the problem. Shifting weather patterns, temperature fluctuations, and changes in rainfall can disrupt snake hibernation, feeding behaviors, and breeding cycles, making it difficult for populations to adapt and survive.

The consequences of snake population decline are serious. Snakes play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance by controlling pest populations, particularly rodents and insects. Their absence can lead to overpopulation of these species, causing damage to crops and spreading diseases.

Finally, the loss of snake species contributes to the broader issue of biodiversity loss. Every species lost weakens the ecosystem's ability to adapt to environmental change and reduces the overall health and resilience of the environment.

Understanding Physiology and Psychology Before Treating Snakes

Before initiating any treatment in snakes, it is essential to understand their physiology and psychology, as these reptiles have unique biological and behavioral characteristics that differ significantly from mammals and birds. Knowledge of snake physiology—including their slow metabolism, specialized organ systems, temperature regulation, and shedding cycles—is critical for effective diagnosis and drug administration. Similarly, understanding the psychology or behavior of snakes—such as their stress responses, defensive postures, feeding behavior, and environmental needs—is crucial in minimizing handling stress and ensuring safety for both the animal and the handler. Snakes are highly sensitive to environmental changes and handling, and unnecessary interference can trigger aggression, refusal to feed, or immunosuppression. Proper restraint techniques, calm handling, and creating a low-stress environment are key components of successful treatment. In short, a thorough grasp of how a snake’s body and mind function is the foundation of ethical and effective veterinary care.

Internal Organs and Sex Identification in Snakes

Snakes possess a unique internal anatomy adapted to their elongated, limbless bodies. Major internal organs—such as the heart, lungs, liver, stomach, kidneys, and intestines—are arranged linearly along the body cavity. Notably, snakes have only one functional lung (usually the right), and their left lung is either reduced or absent, depending on the species. The gonads (testes in males, ovaries in females) are located near the kidneys and are key to sex identification during internal examination. Externally, sex differentiation in snakes is more challenging. A common method is probing, where a lubricated, blunt metal probe is gently inserted into the cloaca toward the tail. In males, the probe passes deeper (6–10 subcaudal scales) due to the presence of hemipenes—paired reproductive organs stored inside the tail base. In females, the probe enters only 2–4 subcaudal scales. Alternatively, tail morphology offers clues: males typically have longer, thicker tails that taper gradually, while females have shorter, thinner tails with a more abrupt taper. In some species, popping—everting the hemipenes manually—is used on young snakes by experts, though it carries a risk of injury. Accurate sex determination is important for breeding, medical care, and behavioral assessment.

A Decade of Treating Critical Snake Health Issues: 2012-2025

Over the past ten years, my work in snake rescue, treatment, and rehabilitation has revealed a troubling rise in the number and complexity of health issues affecting wild and rescued snakes in Tamil Nadu and surrounding regions. Through hands-on care, surgeries, and continuous observation, I have documented and addressed a wide variety of medical conditions in snakes, many of which have serious implications for their survival and conservation.

One of the most alarming discoveries has been the presence of cancerous growths in snakes, particularly subcutaneous tumors that often go unnoticed until they become severe. These tumors can affect the snake’s movement and internal function, and in some cases, require surgical intervention. Identifying cancer in snakes was once considered rare in India, but with advanced diagnostic observation and regular clinical examination, we are now seeing a disturbing increase in these cases.

Another frequent condition is ocular disorders—a number of snakes, especially those rescued from polluted or dry environments, suffer from eye infections, cataracts, or complete blindness. Eye problems greatly reduce a snake's ability to hunt and survive in the wild, making early detection and treatment essential for rehabilitation.

Roughly 30% of rescued snakes show signs of multiple abscesses distributed over the body. These abscesses are often caused by bacterial infections, usually stemming from injuries, poor habitat conditions, or immunosuppression. Treating such infections requires a combination of surgical drainage and antibiotic therapy, often followed by weeks of observation and care in a sterile, controlled environment.

Among venomous species like the Russell's viper, I have noted a troubling pattern of viral infections, which present as systemic illness with symptoms such as lethargy, skin discoloration, and poor reflexes. These viral conditions are difficult to treat and pose a significant threat to already vulnerable snake populations, potentially leading to outbreaks if left unmonitored.

Human activity remains a major contributor to snake injuries. Barbed wire fences, used extensively in agricultural and boundary lands, are a common cause of traumatic wounds. Snakes entangled in wire often suffer deep lacerations or amputations that require surgical repair and intensive post-operative care. Similarly, electric shock injuries—particularly from electric fencing and power lines—lead to neurological damage, paralysis, or internal burns. Such cases demand emergency veterinary intervention and often long-term recovery plans.

Severe dehydration is another critical issue, especially during the hot summer months or in fragmented habitats lacking access to water. Dehydrated snakes appear emaciated, with sunken eyes, dry skin, and poor muscle tone. They require fluid therapy, temperature-controlled housing, and gradual nutritional rehabilitation.

Each of these conditions highlights the increasing environmental stressors and human-induced threats faced by snake populations today. My ongoing work aims not only to treat and rehabilitate individual snakes but also to use clinical findings to guide conservation planning, promote habitat restoration, and spread awareness among communities and stakeholders. Addressing these health challenges is essential for maintaining the ecological role snakes play in balancing ecosystems and controlling rodent populations.

Veterinarian how to handly venomus snake for treatment 

Handling venomous snakes for veterinary treatment requires utmost caution, specialized training, and the use of appropriate equipment to ensure both the safety of the veterinarian and the welfare of the animal. Only experienced professionals should attempt to manage venomous species, and emergency medical support with access to species-specific antivenom must be readily available. The use of tools such as snake hooks, acrylic restraining tubes, and protective gear is essential for safe handling. Physical examination should be performed with minimal restraint, preferably using a clear tube to immobilize the head while allowing access to the rest of the body. In cases where detailed procedures are required, gas anesthesia (such as isoflurane) is preferred over injectable agents to reduce the risk of respiratory depression. Treatments may include wound care, antibiotic administration, parasite control, and supportive therapy like fluids and thermal support. After treatment, the snake should be housed in a secure, temperature-controlled enclosure with minimal disturbance. Proper documentation of the species, clinical findings, and treatment provided is crucial, especially when dealing with wildlife species that may require reporting to forest or conservation authorities. Ultimately, treating venomous snakes demands a calm, confident, and methodical approach, rooted in a deep understanding of reptilian behavior and physiology. 

Bacterial Infections in Snakes: A Serious Health Concern

Bacterial infections are among the most common and potentially serious health issues affecting snakes, varying in severity from minor skin irritations to life-threatening systemic illnesses. Prompt veterinary intervention is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment, often involving the use of antibiotics.One of the most critical infections is septicemia, a bloodstream infection that can lead to multi-organ failure if not addressed quickly. It may develop from trauma, abscesses, or stress-induced immune suppression.

Dermatitis, another common issue, involves bacterial invasion through wounds or abrasions, causing inflamed, ulcerated skin—typically due to Gram-negative bacteria.

Stomatitis, or "mouth rot," is a painful mouth infection leading to excessive mucus, bleeding gums, and feeding difficulties.

Abscesses—localized pockets of pus—require drainage and antibiotic therapy to prevent further spread of infection.

Pneumonia, often bacterial in origin, presents with labored breathing, lethargy, and loss of appetite. It is especially dangerous if not treated promptly.Other infections like mycobacteriosis can form internal granulomas in various organs and may be zoonotic, meaning they can spread to humans.

Salmonellosis, while typically asymptomatic in reptiles, can cause illness in both snakes and humans. The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains is an increasing concern for public health.Transmission occurs through contaminated environments, dirty water, infected feces, open wounds, and poor hygiene. Stress and poor husbandry further weaken the immune system, increasing a snake’s vulnerability to infection.Common signs of bacterial infection in snakes include lethargy, anorexia, abnormal posture, swelling, breathing difficulties, and discharge from the mouth or nose.

Diagnosis typically involves a thorough veterinary examination and laboratory tests, such as blood or tissue cultures. Treatment may include systemic or topical antibiotics, wound cleaning and debridement, and in severe cases, hospitalization and supportive care.

Environmental Factors Increasing Bacterial Infections in Snakes

Environmental changes such as climate change, contaminated water sources, and rapid urbanization significantly increase the risk of bacterial infections in snakes. Rising temperatures and unpredictable weather patterns caused by climate change can disrupt snake behavior and immunity, making them more vulnerable to infections like dermatitis and pneumonia. Contaminated water, often found in urban and agricultural runoff, becomes a breeding ground for harmful bacteria. When snakes drink or are exposed to such polluted water sources, they risk developing systemic infections such as septicemia. Additionally, urbanization leads to habitat fragmentation, forcing snakes into closer contact with humans, garbage, and domestic animals—exposing them to new bacterial pathogens. Overcrowding, stress, and reduced prey availability in urban settings further weaken their immune defenses. Combined, these environmental pressures create ideal conditions for the emergence and spread of serious bacterial diseases in snake populations, both in the wild and captivity.

Snake Stomatitis (Mouth Rot): Causes, Symptoms, and Care

Snake stomatitis, commonly known as "mouth rot," is a frequent health problem in captive snakes, characterized by inflammation and infection of the oral cavity. It typically begins with small, purplish-red spots (petechiae) inside the mouth. As the disease progresses, diseased tissue may accumulate around the teeth, and in severe cases, the infection can invade the jawbones, leading to osteomyelitis (bone infection).

Common symptoms include excessive salivation, loss of appetite, swelling, discharge from the mouth, and noticeable changes in eating habits. Affected snakes may also exhibit lethargy and visible discomfort while attempting to feed.

Bacterial involvement plays a major role in stomatitis. While healthy reptiles generally carry Gram-positive bacteria in their mouths, ill reptiles often harbor Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, or viruses that contribute to the disease. The presence of caseous (cheeselike) material along the dental arcades is a hallmark of advanced infection.

Stomatitis is usually secondary to other health or husbandry issues. Stress from captivity, trauma to the mouth, underlying illnesses, or immune suppression often predispose snakes to this condition. Improper care—such as overcrowding, inadequate temperatures, unsanitary enclosures, and poor diet—are all contributing factors.

Veterinary intervention is essential for effective treatment. Management typically includes cleaning the infected area, removing necrotic (dead) tissue, and administering systemic or topical antibiotics. Supportive care, including hydration and correcting environmental conditions, is also critical for recovery.

Snake Wounds Healing Time 

The healing time for wounds in snakes depends on several factors, including the severity and type of wound, species, age and health of the snake, environmental conditions, and the quality of veterinary care provided. 

Wound healing in snakes is generally a slow process compared to mammals due to their ectothermic metabolism, and the duration depends on the severity of the injury, the snake’s health, environmental conditions, and the quality of care provided. Minor superficial wounds, such as scratches or small cuts, typically heal within 1 to 2 weeks with basic cleaning and supportive care. Moderate injuries, including scale abrasions or bite wounds, may take 3 to 6 weeks to heal, while severe wounds such as deep lacerations, surgical incisions, or necrotic tissue can require 6 to 12 weeks or longer for complete recovery. Maintaining an optimal ambient temperature (usually between 28–32°C), providing proper nutrition and hydration, minimizing handling stress, and preventing infection are critical for effective healing. Additionally, the natural shedding process can aid in the removal of damaged or infected skin, contributing to wound resolution. Close monitoring and, when necessary, veterinary intervention with antibiotics or wound debridement will significantly improve outcomes in snakes with more complex or infected wounds. 

From 2011 to 2016, Dr. Krishnamoorthy Asokan served as the Zoo Director of the V.O.C. Mini Zoological Park under the Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation. During this period, he led one of Tamil Nadu’s most impactful zoo-based conservation programs, focusing primarily on reptile and avian species through innovative captive breeding and rehabilitation methods.

For the first time in Tamil Nadu, Dr. Asokan trained 200 snake rescue volunteers. These trained individuals actively participated in the retrieval of snake eggs and the rescue of injured snakes. Their timely involvement formed a strong conservation network that ensured early intervention and safe handling, playing a key role in reducing human-snake conflict.

Dr. Asokan also pioneered India’s first artificial snake egg hatching project. Under his guidance, over 200 snake hatchlings—including cobras, sand boas, green vine snakes, and Russell’s vipers—were successfully released into their natural habitats. Snake eggs were safely collected from real estate and urban areas by trained volunteers and incubated under controlled conditions. Notable hatchings included  python eggs,  Russell’s viper babies,  green vine snakes,  cobra eggs, and  sand boa hatchlings.

In a landmark achievement, Dr. Asokan became the first veterinarian in India to perform complex surgical procedures on snakes. These included cancer surgeries on cobras, rat snakes, Russell’s vipers, and water snakes, in addition to multiple abscess removals. He also diagnosed and treated various bacterial and viral infections. His care extended to climate change-related conditions in reptiles such as dehydration, respiratory infections, and road traffic injuries.

Beyond reptiles, he extended his expertise to treating more than 100 chameleons and over 500 birds that were affected by environmental stressors. His outreach programs, awareness campaigns, and hands-on training significantly improved public understanding and engagement in reptile conservation.

Thanks to Dr. Asokan’s dedicated leadership, the zoo's animal population increased from 450 to 980, reflecting his profound impact on wildlife conservation and his pioneering role in integrating veterinary care with community-based conservation strategies in Tamil Nadu.

Remarkable Surgeries Performed on Snakes by Dr. Krishnamoorthy Asokan

Among the many snake surgeries Dr. Krishnamoorthy Asokan has successfully performed, one unforgettable case involved an eight-and-a-half-foot male rat-snake. This snake was rescued by a Coimbatore-based NGO from an abandoned area in the city and handed over to Dr. Asokan for treatment. The snake, weighing two kilograms, exhibited two distinct abnormalities—a fluid-filled subcutaneous mass near the front of its body and a larger, lobulated mass around the mid-body. After conducting a thorough diagnosis, Dr. Asokan performed surgical removal of both masses. Post-surgery, the wounds were dressed daily, and the snake received antibiotics. Within two weeks of intensive care, the rat-snake fully recovered and was released back into its natural habitat.

In another extraordinary instance, Dr. Asokan operated on an Olive Keelback snake that had accidentally swallowed a fishing hook while feeding on an earthworm. The hook had become lodged in the snake’s throat, causing a critical obstruction. The snake, discovered near Ukkadam Big Tank in an unconscious state, was rushed to the Government Veterinary Hospital in Ettimadai. Dr. Asokan immediately sedated the animal and performed a delicate surgery to remove the four-inch hook. Post-operative care included administering antibiotics mixed with eggs to aid recovery. The snake regained its strength within days and was safely released into a nearby water tank.

These life-saving interventions highlight Dr. Asokan’s exceptional surgical skill and deep commitment to snake welfare. His work not only saved individual snakes from certain death but also contributed significantly to awareness about reptile injuries caused by urbanization and human negligence.

Postoperative Care:
The physiology of reptiles is entirely temperature-dependent. Therefore, all metabolic activities, including anesthetic drug metabolism, rely on maintaining the preferred optimal temperature for the species being treated.

Common methods to administer supplemental heat include circulating warm-water blankets, administering warm fluids parenterally, raising the temperature in the operating suite, and using forced warm-air blankets. Among these, forced warm-air blankets are preferred because they provide the most uniform heat without the risk of skin burns.

To ensure proper tissue opposition and reduce complications, everting suture patterns—such as horizontal or vertical mattress sutures—are recommended. This helps prevent future dysecdysis (abnormal shedding of the skin), a common issue in reptiles, particularly snakes. It is important to note that reptiles shed their skin regularly—typically two to four times a year—depending on factors such as growth rate, age, nutrition, size, and environment.

In addition to sutures, skin staples may be used as they provide mild eversion of the skin. Sterile surgical tissue adhesive can also be helpful in closing the skin, though care must be taken to evert the edges when applying it.

Given the slower wound-healing process in reptiles, sutures should not be removed until at least six weeks after surgery. However, ecdysis (shedding) may lead to premature suture loss. Since dysecdysis is often an expected outcome following surgery in reptiles, especially snakes, postoperative management should proactively address this condition.

Suture Material:

Reptiles may lack the proteolytic enzymes necessary to degrade certain suture materials, making catgut unsuitable for use. Instead, suture materials that are absorbed via hydrolysis are preferred. To minimize tissue trauma, atraumatic needles with attached sutures should be used. Since skin incisions in reptiles tend to invert, an everting suture pattern (e.g., horizontal mattress or skin staples) is recommended. Continuous suture patterns should be avoided in high-stress areas. Postoperatively, shed skin may adhere to the healed wound site for several sheds, but this can be gently removed without causing damage. 

Wound Healing:

Reptile surgical wounds go through the same healing phases as in mammals; however, the healing process is significantly slower. Several factors can influence wound healing, including ambient temperature, hygiene, and wound orientation (with longitudinal wounds healing faster than transverse ones). Sutures should remain in place for a minimum of three to six weeks, and suture removal should ideally occur after the first ecdysis following surgery. The shed skin often remains adhered to the sutured region for several cycles but can be manually peeled off without harming the tissue. 

Oral Feeding in Snakes:
A feeding gun or rubber tube is often used to provide nutrition and medication to snakes during recovery. The feeding tube should be smooth, soft, and approximately 10 to 20 cm in length. To ensure easy passage into the esophagus, the tube is smeared with liquid paraffin.

Various feed types can be administered through a syringe using this method, including milk, egg, and multivitamin supplements. While withdrawing the tube, special care must be taken to prevent the snake's fangs from getting caught or injured in the tube.

Post-Surgical Nutrition and Medication:
A few hours after surgery, the snake was fed with a mixture of egg and antibiotic medicines through the feeding tube. Since the snake could not consume its regular prey until its wounds had completely healed, the same food mixture (10–20 ml) was continued on alternate days for one week.

Post-Operative Care:

A warm post-operative environment was maintained to facilitate metabolism and healing. The snake was housed in a secure, enclosed space to protect it from ants and insects, which could aggravate the wound. Once the surgical wounds were fully healed and the animal had recovered sufficiently, plans were made to release the snake back into the wild. 

Handling a cobra hatchling (baby cobra) is extremely delicate and dangerous—even more so than adults—because baby cobras are born fully venomous and capable of delivering a fatal bite from the moment of birth. Only trained herpetologists or wildlife veterinarians should attempt to handle them. Below is a safe and professional guide: 

Handling the Indian Rock Python (Python molurus), a non-venomous but powerful constrictor, requires caution, skill, and legal authorization, as it is protected under Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Before attempting to handle the snake, one must assess its condition, size, and behavior, and ensure that protective gear like gloves, boots, and snake hooks are used. Pythons are usually docile but can become defensive when threatened, so it's essential to approach calmly and avoid sudden movements. For large individuals, at least two trained persons are required to support the body properly, avoiding injury to both the animal and handler. The python should be gently guided into a snake bag or ventilated container for transport. If the snake is injured, it must be kept in a warm, stress-free environment and examined by a wildlife veterinarian. It is crucial to coordinate with the Forest Department for medical care, documentation, and release into a safe habitat. Mishandling or unauthorized captivity of this species is illegal and unethical. With proper technique and respect for the animal’s natural behavior, even large pythons can be handled safely for rescue, treatment, or scientific research. 

For the first time in India, a groundbreaking research initiative was undertaken by Dr. Krishnamoorthy Asokan and his team to study the spatio-temporal movement and thermal ecology of the Indian Rock Python (Python molurus) in the Moyar Valley, Tamil Nadu. Conducted between 2019 and 2020, this project marked a significant milestone in Indian herpetological research and snake conservation. Under the certification of the Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, this study involved the surgical implantation of radio telemetry transmitters in 14 Indian Rock Pythons (8 males and 6 females). Using a novel and minimally invasive gas anaesthesia method, Dr. Asokan developed a safe and effective surgical technique to implant these devices without compromising the health or behavior of the snakes.

The study yielded critical insights into:

Movement patterns and home range behaviour across seasons.
Thermal regulation strategies and preferred microhabitats.
Breeding cycles, activity rhythms, and basking behaviour.
The impact of environmental variables such as temperature and humidity on snake ecology.
This first-of-its-kind telemetry-based project in India not only advanced scientific understanding of this elusive and ecologically important species but also contributed significantly to community awareness, snakebite mitigation strategies, and conservation planning in human-dominated landscapes. Dr. Asokan’s research stands as a model for reptile studies in tropical ecosystems.

Spatio-terporal and Thermal Ecology of Indian Rock Python in Moyar Vally Tamil Nadu 

The study was conducted in the Moyar River Valley and the adjacent Sigur Plateau within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India. The geographical coordinates of the study area range from 11.701280N, 76.587060E to 11.472440N, 77.1476080E. The terrain is predominantly hilly, with altitudes ranging from 300 to 950 meters, while the main Nilgiri Plateau ridge rises above 2,000 meters.

The study on "Spatio-temporal and Thermal Ecology of the Indian Rock Python (Python molurus)" in the Moyar River Valley, Tamil Nadu, was the first-ever telemetry research conducted on this endangered species. Led by Dr. Ramesh Chinnasamy, Scientist at the Wildlife Institute of India (WII), the project aimed to enhance the conservation of the Indian Rock Python by studying its spatial and thermal behavior, which is critical for mitigating human-snake conflicts. 

INNOVATIVE INITIATIVES / ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN

An innovative surgical technique was developed and successfully implemented for radio-tracking Indian Rock Pythons (Python molurus). This pioneering study involved implanting VHF radio transmitters and temperature loggers in 14 pythons (8 males and 6 females) in the Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve. The research yielded valuable insights into the species’ reproduction, thermoregulation, adaptability, psychological and skin changes, and overall behavior in their natural environment.

Materials Used

• Radio Transmitter with 30 cm wire antenna
  iButton Thermochron (3 grams) for internal temperature recording
  HOBO Temperature Recorder for external atmospheric temperature monitoring
  The radio transmitter (18–22 grams) and iButton were coated with bee wax to minimize the risk of infection before surgical implantation.

Surgical Methodology

A customized gas anesthesia technique was used. An inhalation chamber was designed to fit the snake’s head, allowing safe administration of Isoflurane using an anesthesia machine.Once an appropriate level of anesthesia was achieved, a 1.5 cm incision was made between the first and second dorsal scale rows, just anterior to the gonads, carefully avoiding vital organs. The transmitter assembly, along with the whip antenna, was inserted into the intraperitoneal cavity, and the antenna was routed subcutaneously, exiting through the skin with a 3–5 cm wire end protruding.The incision was sutured in a standard manner. Skin sutures were typically left in place for 3–5 days. Each surgical procedure was completed within 15–30 minutes.

Postoperative Care

• Antibiotics: Cefuroxime 5 mg/kg, followed by 2.5 gm every 48 hours
  Analgesic: Meloxicam 0.2 mg/kg every 48 hours
  Each python was monitored for 3–5 days post-surgery, and only healthy, alert individuals were released back into the wild.

Morbidity and Mortality

Throughout the entire study period (2017–2020), no mortality or infection was recorded due to the surgery or anesthesia. This is a remarkable achievement, especially when compared to similar studies in other countries reporting up to 70% morbidity or mortality in surgical tracking projects.

Radio-Tracking and Movement Data

After surgery, each python was released within a few hundred meters of its original capture location. Weekly radio-tracking was conducted using VHF telemetry, with a signal range of up to 3 km. Field teams used antennas to track and record data. On average, the pythons moved 3 to 10 kilometers from their initial capture sites over the study period.

Transmitter Removal and Final Outcome

In 2020, after one year of ecological study, all 14 pythons were recaptured and underwent a second surgical procedure to safely remove the implanted transmitters. All individuals recovered well and were released back into the wild. The study demonstrated that the surgical implantation and removal techniques developed and practiced were safe, ethical, and effective, with zero mortality.

Handling of Indian Rock Pythons:

Handling the Indian Rock Python (Python molurus), a non-venomous but powerful constrictor, requires caution, skill, and legal authorization, as it is protected under Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Before attempting to handle the snake, one must assess its condition, size, and behavior, and ensure that protective gear like gloves, boots, and snake hooks are used. Pythons are usually docile but can become defensive when threatened, so it's essential to approach calmly and avoid sudden movements. For large individuals, at least two trained persons are required to support the body properly, avoiding injury to both the animal and handler. The python should be gently guided into a snake bag or ventilated container for transport. If the snake is injured, it must be kept in a warm, stress-free environment and examined by a wildlife veterinarian. It is crucial to coordinate with the Forest Department for medical care, documentation, and release into a safe habitat. Mishandling or unauthorized captivity of this species is illegal and unethical. With proper technique and respect for the animal’s natural behavior, even large pythons can be handled safely for rescue, treatment, or scientific research. 

In 2020, after completing one year of ecological monitoring, all 14 Indian Rock Pythons that had undergone surgical implantation of VHF radio transmitters were successfully recaptured from the Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve. To precisely locate the implanted transmitters within each snake’s body, a portable mobile mini X-ray unit was used. This non-invasive imaging technique allowed the team to identify the exact position of the transmitter and plan the surgical site with accuracy, minimizing tissue trauma. Following X-ray confirmation, each python was anesthetized using gas anesthesia (Isoflurane) administered through a specially designed inhalation chamber. Once the appropriate level of anesthesia was achieved, the previously implanted site was reopened, and the transmitter was carefully removed. Post-operative care included the administration of antibiotics and analgesics, similar to the original implantation protocol. All 14 snakes recovered without complications and were safely released back into their natural habitat, once again demonstrating the success and safety of the surgical methods developed for radio telemetry in Indian Rock Pythons. 

Outcomes of the Activity 

The pioneering radio telemetry study on Indian rock pythons at the Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve yielded several important outcomes in wildlife research and conservation. For the first time in India, detailed data was obtained on the movement patterns, home range, habitat preference, and activity periods of Indian rock pythons. This information proved instrumental in educating farmers on ways to minimize snake encounters and reduce human-snake conflicts. Additionally, it empowered local volunteers to better prepare for snake rescue operations and facilitated community awareness about snake behavior and conservation. The findings led to the development of protocols for monitoring pythons across Tamil Nadu and similar habitats nationwide.

During the study, 14 Indian rock pythons—each weighing between 500 grams and 3 kg—were monitored, with body length increases of 10 to 30 cm noted. After tracking, all pythons were recaptured and mobile mini X-ray units were used to locate and surgically remove the implanted transmitters under anesthesia. Remarkably, ten pythons that were translocated 3 to 10 km from their original capture points returned to the same locations, demonstrating their strong homing instincts. It was also observed that the pythons maintained normal feeding and defecation patterns while carrying transmitters. X-rays taken during the removal procedure revealed gravid females, and notably, two of them successfully gave birth post-removal. Pythons survived at low body temperatures of 15°F without food, which increased to 80°F after feeding. A male-to-female sex ratio of 1:5 was recorded, contributing to better population understanding.

The study had significant ecological and social impact. Increased awareness led to a noticeable rise in python populations and a reduction in mortality, while community outreach programs reduced the killing of snakes due to fear. Moreover, more volunteers began participating in snake rescue and rehabilitation activities, indicating a positive shift in human-wildlife coexistence.

Tamil Nadu Government Environment Protection & Climate  Change Department

Dr. Krishnamoorthy Asokan has been honored with two prestigious awards by the Tamil Nadu Government’s Environment Protection & Climate Change Department in recognition of his exceptional contributions to environmental conservation and public awareness. He received the Puravalar Viruthu -2019 for his outstanding work in Environment Protection and Wildlife Management, highlighting his long-standing efforts in wildlife rescue, rehabilitation, and biodiversity preservation. Additionally, he was awarded the Sudar Oli Viruthu- 2021 for Environment Protection and Education Awareness, acknowledging his commitment to educating the public, especially students and rural communities, on the importance of environmental sustainability and wildlife conservation. These honors reflect his impactful role in bridging scientific wildlife care with community engagement. 

Publications:

Dr. Krishnamoorthy Asokan’s work has received widespread appreciation from senior officials and has been featured in several leading newspapers, including Dinakaran, Dinamalar, The Hindu, Deccan Chronicle, The Indian Express, and The Times of India. In addition, his articles on environmental pollution are regularly published in the Tamil monthly magazine Pasumai India, which is widely circulated across Tamil Nadu.

Reference

1)        DR. KRISH ASOKAN: A LEGEND WILDLIFE VET OF INDIA

https://www.pashudhanpraharee.com/dr-krish-asokan-a-legend-wildlife-vet-of-india/

2)        Veterinarian known for rearing orphaned elephant calves wins awards for wildlife management, conservation

  https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/veterinarian-known-for-rearing-orphaned-elephant-calves-wins-awards-for-wildlife-management-conservation/article66958123.ece

3)        World Elephant Day: Meet Dr Asokan who saved an almost dead elephant

https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/tamil-nadu/meet-dr-asokan-who-saved-an-almost-dead-elephant/na20200812193323937

4)        Renowned Veterinarian K. Asokan Wins Awards for Wildlife Management & Conservation

https://krishijagran.com/news/renowned-veterinarian-k-asokan-wins-awards-for-wildlife-management-conservation/

5)        STR veterinarian gets Anna Medal for Gallantry

https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/str-veterinarian-gets-anna-medal-for-gallantry/article38330635.ece

6)        Brutally Beaten Up, Comatose Hyena Gets a New Life Thanks to This Kind Vet & His Team!

https://thebetterindia.com/170840/tamil-nadu-animal-rescue-hyena-inspiring/

7)        100gm tumor removed from cobras  body in Coimbatore zoo

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/100-gm-tumor-removed-from-cobras-body-in-coimbatore-zoo/articleshow/11492411.cms

8)        Meet the snake surgeon of India: Dr K Asokan   

https://pashusandesh.com/snake-conservation

9)        How this doctor removed cancer growth in a cobra

https://www.covaipost.com/coimbatore/how-this-doctor-removed-cancer-growth-in-a-cobra/

10) A Hyena Journey from Coma to Life- K Asokan   (Page Number 60-65) (www.wpsidoon.org )

    CHEETAL- JOURNAL OF THE WILDLIFE PRESERVATION SOCIETY  - Cheetal Vol 61-

    May 2024-October 2024

11)   கையைக் கடித்த குட்டியானை; வாசனை `கில்லி’ சத்தியன் யானை –

    25 ஆண்டுகால   அனுபவம் பகிரும் டாக்டர் அசோகன்!

      https://www.vikatan.com/environment/doctor-ashokan-speaks-about-elephant-treatment

  12)  கேரள அரசு சுட்டுக் கொல்ல நினைத்த யானையை காப்பாற்றியவர் - யார் இந்த யானை டாக்டர்? - Elephant day

  https://www.etvbharat.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/state/coimbatore/international-elephant-day-dr-asokan/tamil-nadu20200812001140826

13)  Elephant: `யானைகளுக்கும் எல்லா எமோஷன்களும் இருக்கு!’ - அனுபவம் பகிரும்  டாக்டர் அசோகன்

      https://www.vikatan.com/environment/wildlife-veterinarian-ashokan-shares-about-elephants

14)  யானைகளுக்கு உடற்கூறு ஆய்வு அவசியம் ஏன்? மருத்துவர் அசோகன் எக்ஸ்க்ளூசிவ்

   https://tamil.indianexpress.com/tamilnadu/world-elephant-day-2021-challenges-faced-by-veterinarians-during-the-elephant-postmortem-331410/

15)  தவிக்கவிட்ட தாய்... தந்தையாக மாறி அரவணைத்த மருத்துவர் - ஆஸ்கர் புகழ்  குட்டி பொம்மி யானையின் கண்ணீர் ஸ்டோரி

     https://www.thanthitv.com/latest-news/oscar-bommi-elephant-story-173306

16) கானுயிர் காக்கும் கால்நடை மருத்துவர்

      https://iniangovindaraju.blogspot.com/2019/11/blog-post_5.html?m=1

17)  Tracking Pythons: Investigation on the Spatio-temporal and Thermal Ecology of Indian Python (Python molurus molurus, Linn. 1758) in Moyar River Valley, Tamil Nadu, India

      https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ramesh-Chinnasamy/publication/332299126_Tracking_Pythons_Investigation_on_the_Spatio-temporal_and_Thermal_Ecology_of_Indian_Python_Python_molurus_molurus_Linn_1758_in_Moyar_River_Valley_Tamil_Nadu_India/links/5cac9e2192851caf2c7042b6/Tracking-Pythons-Investigation-on-the-Spatio-temporal-and-Thermal-Ecology-of-Indian-Python-Python-molurus-molurus-Linn-1758-in-Moyar-River-Valley-Tamil-Nadu-India.pdf?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIn19

18)   The Post-feeding Activity of an Indian Rock Python, Python molurus (Linnaeus 1758),  in the Moyar River Valley, Southern   India-https://journals.ku.edu/reptilesandamphibians/article/view/20100

     file:///F:/down/2025/photos%20all%20awards/2018%20ele%20death%20str/Python%20surgery%20%20Technical%20Article /R&A-31_20100_Vishnu-etal_Python-molurus_Final.pdf

19)   Pythons return home, slowly but surely, finds a new study

       file:///F:/down/2025/photos%20all%20awards/2018%20ele%20death%20str/Python%20surgery%20%20Technical%20Article/       Pythons%20return%20home,%20slowly%20but%20surely,%20finds%20a%20new%20study.pdf

20)  Homing of translocated native Indian pythons in Moyar River Valley, South India

        https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024090418