Covalent bonding is a topic that spans almost the entire school year. In this unit, we will cover the parts of chapter 6 that will explain where the heat of reaction comes from and how to calculate it; how to model covalently bonded molecules with Lewis dot structures; how to use formal charge and the model of resonance to explain alternate structures, unusual bond lengths, or patterns of stability; how to predict the hybridization, shape and bond angles of molecules; and finally, we might venture into a more advanced theory called Molecular Orbital Theory. These skills will transfer into all of our subsequent units as we start to take a more detailed look into why chemicals do what they do!
Notes: Categorizing Chemical Bonds, Filled Out
Worksheet: Categorizing Chemical Bonds (Covalent and Ionic), Answers
Review: Atomic Structure 1994, Answers
To prepare for the next lecture, read sections 9.6 and 9.9 about Lewis Structures and exceptions to the Octet Rule
Notes: Resonance and Formal Charge, Filled Out
Worksheets:
Notes: Bond Enthalpy, Filled Out
Worksheet: Bond Enthalpy, Answers
Review: Atomic Structure 2016, Answers
Notes: The Heat of Reaction and Hess's Law, Filled Out
Worksheets:
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR Theory) is based on the idea that negative electrons will repel each other in 3D space. Electron pairs around a central atom will spread out as much as physically possible. Each of the resulting shapes has a name (some of them entertaining and some of them fancy) that you will be expected to predict on the AP exam.
Notes: Molecular Geometry Organizer, Filled Out
Worksheets to do WITH Models in Class:
Molecular Geometry Practice 1, Answers
Molecular Geometry Practice 2, Answers
Molecular Geometry Practice 3, Answers
Molecular Geometry Practice 4, Answers
Review:
Worksheets to go with these advanced notes (non-AP topic, but helpful for understanding metallic bonds)