A smart city is a technologically modern urban area that uses different types of electronic methods and sensors to collect specific data. Information gained from that data is used to manage assets, resources and services efficiently; in return, that data is used to improve operations across the city.[1] This includes data collected from citizens, devices, buildings and assets that is processed and analyzed to monitor and manage traffic and transportation systems,[2] power plants, utilities, urban forestry,[3] water supply networks, waste, criminal investigations, information systems, schools, libraries, hospitals, and other community services.[4][5] Smart cities are defined as smart both in the ways in which their governments harness technology as well as in how they monitor, analyze, plan, and govern the city. In smart cities, the sharing of data is not limited to the city itself but also includes businesses, citizens and other third parties that can benefit from various uses of that data. Sharing data from different systems and sectors creates opportunities for increased understanding and economic benefits.[6][7]
The smart city concept integrates information and communication technology (ICT), and various physical devices connected to the Internet of things (IOT) network to optimize the efficiency of city operations and services and connect to citizens.[8][9] Smart city technology allows city officials to interact directly with both community and city infrastructure and to monitor what is happening in the city and how the city is evolving. ICT is used to enhance quality, performance and interactivity of urban services, to reduce costs and resource consumption and to increase contact between citizens and government.[10] Smart city applications are developed to manage urban flows and allow for real-time responses.[11] A smart city may therefore be more prepared to respond to challenges than one with a conventional "transactional" relationship with its citizens.[12][13] Yet, the term itself remains unclear in its specifics and therefore, open to many interpretations.[14] Many cities have already adopted some sort of smart city technology.
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Throughout history, cities have served as hubs of innovation, yet the digital age has introduced fresh opportunities and hurdles for urban progress. Consequently, cities are undergoing a transition into "smart cities" to foster the creation of urban environments that are more efficient, sustainable, and livable.[15][16][17][18] Importantly, this transformation extends beyond the urban domain and holds considerable social, cultural, and economic significance. It requires a fundamental overhaul of both internal and external city management and operations, prompting a rethinking of urban governance, citizen involvement, and the delivery of public services.[19]
The smart city approach underscores the importance of collaboration among diverse stakeholders, including government, businesses, and citizens, to co-create innovative solutions and address intricate urban challenges. By embracing this concept, cities aim to not only upgrade their infrastructure and service provision but also to nurture social inclusion, technological adoption, and economic advancement. Leveraging digital technologies facilitates the enhancement of residents' quality of life, the promotion of sustainability, and the stimulation of economic growth by fostering the emergence of new industries and job opportunities.[19][20][21][18]
The transition to a smart city entails internal changes in urban planning, management, and operation, with digital implementation serving as a driving force and objective.[22] Specifically within smart city trajectories, there is a heightened emphasis on utilizing data to inform decision-making processes. For instance, smart city technologies enable the monitoring of traffic flow, energy consumption, air quality, and various other parameters.[23][24] Subsequently, this data can be analyzed to pinpoint areas for enhancement and optimize urban services. Moreover, smart city technologies facilitate improved communication and collaboration among different departments and stakeholders.
Deakin defines the smart city as one that utilizes ICT to meet the demands of the market (the citizens of the city), and states that community involvement in the process is necessary for a smart city.[27] A smart city would thus be a city that not only possesses ICT technology in particular areas, but has also implemented this technology in a manner that positively impacts the local community.
In recent years, the term "smart city" has gained widespread popularity, prompting cities worldwide to invest in digital technologies and data to enhance their urban landscapes. However, despite its common usage, there remains a lack of consensus on what precisely constitutes a smart city.[15] This presents a paradox, as measuring the impact and outcomes of a concept without a clear definition proves challenging. The absence of a universally accepted definition of a smart city poses a significant challenge for policymakers, planners, and researchers. Without a clear understanding of its parameters, evaluating the effectiveness and impact of smart city initiatives becomes difficult. It also hampers the ability to compare and derive insights from various smart city projects and identify best practices.[28][29][22]
These definitions underscore the significance of employing technology and data to enhance urban services and foster sustainable, liveable environments. They also stress the importance of citizen involvement and cross-sector collaboration. However, alongside these shared principles, there are notable disparities among the suggested definitions. For instance, while some definitions concentrate more on the economic advantages of smart city endeavours, others prioritize environmental or social benefits. Additionally, certain definitions give precedence to specific technologies or sectors over others.[19]
The process of defining and conceptualizing smart city development is ongoing, resulting in a division within smart city research. Researchers are actively seeking interpretations that can unify and overcome the fragmentation created by the initial two decades of knowledge production in this field. The main issues surrounding early smart city debate the research include the following:[33]
The smart city concept comprises various dimensions, each integral to its overall success. These dimensions, totaling six conceptually distinct characteristics, span the key facets of urban life, encompassing the economy, mobility, governance, environment, living conditions, and people.[34][35] They are fundamental in shaping a contemporary and sustainable urban landscape capable of fulfilling the requirements of both residents and businesses.
This facet embodies a culture of innovation, entrepreneurship, labor market flexibility, global integration, and adaptability. It serves as the cornerstone for fostering a vibrant and resilient urban economy capable of navigating evolving market dynamics and fostering business expansion.
Smart Mobility pertains to local and trans-local accessibility, ICT availability, and the development of modern, sustainable, and secure transportation systems. It plays a pivotal role in ensuring citizens' access to dependable and efficient transportation alternatives, thereby mitigating congestion, pollution, and travel times
Smart Governance encompasses citizen participation in decision-making, governance system transparency, public service availability, and political strategy quality. It forms the bedrock of a democratic and participatory urban milieu, catering to the needs of both citizens and businesses.
Smart Environment underscores the allure of natural conditions, pollution mitigation, and resource sustainability. This dimension is imperative for fostering a healthy and sustainable urban habitat conducive to the well-being of residents and businesses alike.
Smart Living involves quality of life, gauged by the availability of cultural and educational amenities, tourist attractions, social cohesion, environmental health, personal safety, and housing standards. It is paramount for crafting a habitable and inclusive urban sphere catering to diverse communities' needs.
Smart People correlates with human and social capital qualifications, adaptability, creativity, tolerance, cosmopolitanism, and civic engagement. Smart People are instrumental in cultivating a diverse and innovative urban landscape, attracting top talent, and nurturing business growth.[36]
To guarantee the efficient coordination and equilibrium of smart city dimensions, cities ought to establish comprehensive and interconnected planning frameworks that address all dimensions concurrently.[37] This strategy enables cities to synchronize the goals and initiatives of each dimension, fostering a unified and harmonious approach to smart city advancement. By integrating smart city objectives into urban planning procedures, cities can streamline resource allocation and reduce duplications. For instance, during infrastructure development endeavors, cities can evaluate how the smart mobility dimension can be integrated to enhance transportation systems.[36]
The effective coordination of smart city dimensions requires active collaboration and involvement from diverse stakeholders, including government agencies, businesses, community organizations, academia, and citizens. Collaborative partnerships enable cities to harness a wide range of expertise, resources, and perspectives to tackle complex challenges and devise innovative solutions. Involving stakeholders in decision-making processes fosters inclusivity, ownership, and a shared vision for the city's future. For instance, engaging citizens in co-creating smart city initiatives ensures that solutions are tailored to meet the community's specific needs and aspirations. Collaborating with businesses and academia brings technical know-how and research capabilities, driving innovation and the adoption of state-of-the-art technologies.[38][39][40] 152ee80cbc
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