The name Slowloris comes from the name of a proof-of-concept attack tool originally created by Robert RSnake Hansen in 2009, while slow loris itself is the general name for a group of nocturnal primates from Southeast Asia that are known for moving extremely slowly. This attack technique has been used in many real-world attacks. For example, it was used by Iranian hacktivists to attack Iranian government sites after the 2009 presidential election.

This experiment explores slowloris, a denial of service attack that requires very little bandwidth and causes vulnerable web servers to stop accepting connections to other users. This experiment highlights the difficulty associated with mitigating a denial of service attack, without affecting legitimate users.


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It achieves this by opening as many connections to the target web server as it can, and holding them open as long as possible by sending a partial request, and adding to it periodically (to keep the connection alive) but never completing it. Affected servers use threads to handle each concurrent connection, and have a limit on the total number of threads. Under slowloris attack, the pool of threads is consumed by the attacker and the service will deny connection attempts from legitimate users.

The following image shows the response of an Apache web server to a slowloris attack. We see that when there are a large number of established connections, the service becomes unavailable (green line goes to zero.)

In slowloris, the attacker does not terminate the HTTP request header in a single packet. Use the Analyze > Follow > TCP Stream tool in Wireshark to see all of the TCP data in this exchange. Click on each line in the HTTP request header, one at a time, and the corresponding packet will be highlighted in the Wireshark packet list. Note the time at which each header line is sent.

While this mitigation prevents a slowloris attack that is launched from only one host, it still would not protect against a distributed slowloris attack, with many participants each consuming a smaller number of connections. Also, if the number of allowed connections per host is set too low, it might limit connections from clients behind a NAT or a proxy, which share the same IP address.

While this mitigation is somewhat effective, an attacker can bypass it to some extent by modifying the parameters of the slowloris attack. For example, the attacker can send the first byte of the request header in just under 20 seconds, then send additional bytes of the request header at a rate of just above 500 Bps to keep each connection open for up to 40 seconds.

In contrast, the nginx web server has a non-blocking design, in which worker threads are not assigned to connections on a one-to-one basis. Instead, a thread will dynamically serve a connection only when there is data to send or receive for that connection. This makes it more resistant to the slowloris attack at Layer 7 (although it may still be possible to launch a low-rate attack that exhausts the total number of connections possible at a lower level, such as the total number of file descriptors available to the operating system.)

When the attack finishes, transfer the "nginx_no_mitigation.html" file to your laptop with SCP and open it in a browser. You should find that the service generally remains available (even from the point of view of the malicious attacker) despite a large number of established connections (as in the sixth figure in the Results section.) Due to the different in application design, this web server is less vulnerable to the slowloris attack.

A Low and Slow DDoS attack, also known as a slow-rate attack, involves what appears to be legitimate traffic at a very slow rate. This type of state exhaustion DDoS attack targets application and server resources and is difficult to distinguish from normal traffic. Common attack tools include Slowloris, Sockstress, and R.U.D.Y. (R U Dead Yet?), which create legitimate packets at a slow rate, thus allowing the packets to go undetected by traditional mitigation strategies.

Surprisingly, the answer is yes. After Anonymous fell apart in 2016, the threat landscape shifted rapidly. The once mainstream group of organized Denial of Service (DoS) attacks with simple GUI-based tools were no more; as the era of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks and DDoS-as-a-Service began to take shape under the power of new IoT botnets such as Bashlite and Mirai.

While Anonymous has not entirely disappeared, its digital footprint has significantly reduced over the last five years. Today, you can still find Anonymous accounts on the usual social media outlets and video platforms spreading operational propaganda, but with limited impact compared to the past. However, during a recent Anonymous operation, I was surprised to find that the group, which still uses PasteBin and GhostBin (to centralize operational details), had updated their target list from years prior and suggested the use of Memcached and other reflective attack vectors. They recommended using antiquated DoS tools, such as LOIC, HOIC, ByteDoS, and Pyloris, all nearly 10-years-old.

High Orbit Ion Cannon, or HOIC for short, is a network stress testing tool related to LOIC; both are used to launch Denial of Service attacks popularized by Anonymous. This tool can cause a Denial of Service through the use of HTTP floods. Additionally, HOIC has a built-in scripting system that accepts .hoic files called boosters. These files allow a user to deploy randomization countermeasures and increase the magnitude of the attack.

Once considered a destructive tool, ByteDoS has become a novelty in 2021. ByteDos is a Windows desktop DoS application. It is a simple, standalone executable file that does not require installation and comes equipped with embedded IP resolver capabilities that allow this attack tool to resolve IPs from domain names. It also supports two attack vectors: SYN Flood and ICMP Flood, allowing the user to choose his preferred attack vector. ByteDos also supports attacks behind proxies, enabling the attackers to hide their source and identity. The tool is quite common among hacktivists and Anonymous supporters (it becomes very effective when used collectively by many attackers in a coordinated Denial of Service attack).

The tools suggested for this Anonymous operation, and many others are old and outdated, yet oddly enough, they still have a place in the threat landscape. In a world of easy-to-build IoT botnets and cheap attack services, it is odd to see some suggest using tools that are nearly a decade old. And while the use of these tools is not prominent, they can still be effective when correctly leveraged against unsuspecting and unprotected websites. Below is a chart showing events over the last year related to LOIC, HOIC, HULK, and SlowLoris attacks.

Today we're DDOS-ing a website using SLowloris. Slowloris is a DDOS tool and is easy to use. If you're running backtrack/kali then you've probably got Slowloris pre-installed. if not go to this page and download it. Get to the directory where you saved the slowloris.pl file and run this command:

As stated earlier, it does not cost the attackers much as Slowloris attacks utilize minimal bandwidth. This makes it possible for a single computer to bring down a whole high-profile server. As a result, the software has become the go-to tool for hacktivism.

In NTP amplification attacks, the attacker exploits publicly accessible Network Time Protocol (NTP) servers to overwhelm a target server with UDP traffic. The attack is described as an amplification assault because the query-to-response ratio in such scenarios ranges between 1:20 and 1:200 or more. This means that any attacker that gets a list of open NTP servers (e.g., by using tool like Metasploit or data from the Open NTP Project) can easily produce a devastating high-volume, high-bandwidth, DDoS attack.

Is turnabout fair play? A handful of Anons have found themselves on the wrong end of a hack in the wake of the US government takedown of Megaupload. On January 20, just one day after Megaupload founder Kim Dotcom was arrested in New Zealand, an unknown attacker slipped code from the infamous Zeus Trojan into the slowloris tool used by members of Anonymous to carry out DDoS attacks on websites that have drawn their ire. As a result, many of those who participated in DDoS attacks targeted at the US Department of Justice, music label UMG, and whitehouse.gov also had their own PCs compromised.

Security firm Symantec details how some Anons ended up with Zeus on their systems. After modifying the Slowloris source to include code for the Zeus trojan on January 20, the attacker changed a couple of Pastebin guides used to bring would-be DDoSers up to speed to show a new URL for downloading the Slowloris tool.

DDOS attacks are cyber- attacks targeted at rendering certain computers, network systems and servers non-functional. The processes involved in its execution can be however complicated. Attackers have to carry out a long series of actions that involve social engineering, data breaches and sometimes even system testing. Due to the sophistication of these activities, tools have been developed to facilitate DDOS attacks for pen testers. Although, it is kind of two sided, DDOS attacks tools are important for system admin and pen testers to use. It helps them carry out faster attacks to determine the strength of their server or framework security. On the other hand, hackers can also use these tools to execute their own attacks. In fact, DDOS tools are primarily used by cyber attackers against very complex security frameworks.

These tools make them more intense, efficient and less time consuming than more manual approaches. There are different types of the tools and each has its own level of sophistication. Depending on the kind of DDOS in question, these tools come in pretty handy to speed up the process of the attacks. As system administrators and ethical hackers, it is an added advantage if you are aware of these tools and the way to use them. It gives you an insight into what to take precautions against in your security framework. 006ab0faaa

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