Embedded Files
Research Questions
Research Questions
Needs Analysis
What is the problem?
What is the cause/origin of the problem?
How does the sleeping issue affect aspects of life?
What is the gap between learners’ actual and optimal performance?
What is the biggest challenge in the process of dealing with insomnia?
Are there any existing solutions? Are they adequate?
Learner Analysis
Who are the learners? What are their demographics and characteristics?
What are learners’ expectations for the learning experience?
How motivated are the learners to address their sleeping issues?
What are their learning preferences?
What is the teaching mode?
Task Analysis
How to locate SMEs to help us understand the content?
What knowledge or skills should be taught?
What are the goals and objectives?
Needs Analysis (Brown & Green, 2015)
Needs Analysis (Brown & Green, 2015)
In Needs Analysis, initial interviews with five participants provided us with the context for the problem. Subsequently, we cross-referenced responses from 60 survey respondents with online research to pinpoint the main causes of insomnia.
What is the problem?
What is the problem?
Sleep disorders, particularly insomnia, are prevalent among young adults, negatively impacting various aspects of life.
Sleep disorders, particularly insomnia, are prevalent among young adults, negatively impacting various aspects of life.
Learner Survey
Over 60% of the respondents have experienced insomnia frequently.
64.5% of the respondents reported that insomnia negatively affected their lives at a level of 3 or more (scale of 1-5).
Desk Research Data
In a random sample of 1200 young adults in Michigan, 24.6% had insomnia(Breslau, Roth, Rosenthal, & Andreski, 1996).
Only 36% of the sample reported that they were completely free of any sleep disturbance(Coren, 1994).
Quotes from The Interviewees
Quotes from The Interviewees
Male
24
Financial seller
“I can't concentrate at work, and even simple tasks stress me out. Plus, I keep getting sick because my immune system's shot from lack of sleep.”
Female
Female
25+
25+
Software engineer
Software engineer
“I will say at first, maybe 1, 2, 2 shots (of alcohol) every day, then it becomes more, like 2, 3 shots. Then I realized, I drink too much every day.”
Female
Female
23
23
Science teacher
Science teacher
"As a teacher, it requires me to be fully awake and socially aware, and when I procrastinate to sleep, I will naturally not be the most active person, which affects my entire mood and ability to work."
Female
Female
22
22
Student
Student
“I cannot focus on my lectures. I try to keep concentrating in class, but I cannot control myself to look at my phone…And I think the sleep problem is also depressing me.”
Male
Male
30+
30+
Student
Student
“I'll forget small details or it's harder to focus."
What is the cause of the problem?
What is the cause of the problem?
Work/study/social pressure, overuse of electronic devices, irregular sleep routines, and excessive mental activities are the main causes of young adults’ insomnia.
Learner Survey
Learner Survey
According to the survey, the main factor that learners think causes insomnia is work or study pressure, accounting for 74%, followed by irregular pre-sleeping activities, accounting for 65%.
Desk Research
Desk Research
A hypothetical model identified factors that interfere sleep, including biological factors such as sex, and environmental and socio-economic factors like noise exposure, education levels, professional circumstances, and domestic arrangements(Kolip, Kuhnert, & Saß, 2022).
What is the biggest challenge in the process of dealing with insomnia?
What is the biggest challenge in the process of dealing with insomnia?
We found that having difficulty finding reliable information or treatments and lack of time are the biggest challenges encountered by young adults when addressing insomnia.
Competitive Market Analysis
Competitive Market Analysis
Current Product Analysis
111
111
Pros👍
Pros👍
APP: CBT-i Coach
APP: CBT-i Coach
Data Visualization: This feature aids users in better understanding their sleep patterns and the impact of various interventions on their sleep quality.
Provide Sleep Education and Tools: It provides educational materials about Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia and how sleep works. The app provides tools, like a sleep diary for tracking wake and sleep times, as well as relaxation aids for preparing for sleep or returning to sleep. It also offers tips for establishing positive sleep routines and improving sleep environments.
Video: Dr. Dan Maggs on Youtube
Video: Dr. Dan Maggs on Youtube
Concise and Direct Contents: Learners can quickly grasp sleep tips.
Instant Access and Flexibility: Learners can access these videos anytime, anywhere, and learn at their own pace, without adhering to a fixed course schedule.
Visual Teaching: Videos can present visual content such as examples, animations, or charts, aiding learners in understanding complex concepts or suggestions more intuitively.
Interactivity: Through the comments section, learners can ask questions and share experiences, creating an interactive environment to learn from each other.
Website: sleep education.org
Website: sleep education.org
Academic-Based: The content is grounded in scientific research, ensuring that the information is credible and reliable.
High Coverage of Topics: The website offers comprehensive information on various aspects of sleep, from basic sleep hygiene to more complex issues like sleep disorders. This broad coverage ensures that users can find relevant information regardless of their detailed sleep concerns.
Directed Based on Your Role: Content is tailored to fit the needs of different roles, such as individuals struggling with sleep issues, students, parents, and caregivers, address unique challenges and requirements more effectively.
Cons👎
Cons👎
No Incentives for Continued Learning or Engagement: The incentive features to encourage continued use and engagement with the learning materials are missing.
Technical Issues and Bugs: Users have reported technical problems, such as issues with data export and the app creating duplicate entries. These issues can detract from the user experience and hinder the effective monitoring of sleep patterns.
Depth of Information: A video of around 10 minutes may not cover all aspects of improving sleep quality, especially for learners with severe sleep problems requiring in-depth understanding.
Individual Differences: Video contents often offer general advice, which may not apply to specific sleep issues.
Low Engagement: The website may not utilize interactive elements or community engagement features effectively, which could lead to users feeling less connected and involved.
Information Overload: Too much information can overwhelm users, making it difficult for them to find and focus on the information that is most relevant to them.
Lack of Evaluation: Without mechanisms to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies on an individual level, users may find it challenging to gauge their progress or determine the most beneficial approaches for their situation.
Conclusion
Conclusion
CBT-i Coach, YouTube, and SleepEducation.org offer diverse approaches to sleep improvement. They share common goals of educating and aiding users in enhancing their sleep quality. Each has unique advantages such as personalized tools, broad accessibility, and academic grounding. However, they also face challenges in user engagement, information overload, and lack of evaluation.
This analysis suggests several key strategies for enhancing the effectiveness of our design:
Integrating interactive elements can help maintain user interests and engagement throughout the learning process.
It's important to present information in a concise yet comprehensive manner to prevent overwhelming users.
Providing accessibility features would enable users to access the material at their convenience, promoting flexibility in learning.
Implementing evaluation mechanisms would allow users to track their progress and identify the most suitable approaches for their situations.
Gap Analysis
Gap Analysis
In our gap analysis, we have identified three types of gaps: knowledge, habits, and motivation (Dirksen, 2015).
Current State
Current State
Drinking late at night. Alcohol disrupts sleep cycles, particularly affecting the REM sleep stage crucial for deep rest and memory consolidation. Long-term alcohol consumption may lead to dependency, health issues, and diminished sleep quality.
Gossiping with friends at late night. If conversations turn to negative topics, it may induce emotional fluctuations or increase the psychological burden, thus affecting sleep quality. Additionally, nighttime social activities may delay bedtime, resulting in sleep deprivation.
Taking sleeping pills for a long time. Prolonged use of sleeping pills may result in dependency, increased tolerance (requiring higher doses for the same effect), and withdrawal symptoms upon cessation. Moreover, it may cause memory issues, attention deficits, and daytime drowsiness, negatively impacting daily functioning.
Don’t want to make any changes. Refusing to address sleep issues may lead to declining sleep quality, affecting physical and mental health, cognition, and social and work life.
Engaging in excessive phone use before bedtime. Excessive smartphone use before bedtime disrupts the sleep-wake cycle and delays sleep. This habit can lead to serious health issues including obesity, cardiovascular problems, and depression, while also impairing cognitive functions like concentration and memory.
Desired Future State
Desired Future State
Limiting Evening Caffeine and Alcohol Intake after 2 pm: Avoid consuming caffeine and alcohol in the hours leading up to bedtime, as they can disrupt sleep.
Establishing Relaxing Bedtime Rituals: Engage in relaxation activities such as reading, deep breathing, meditation, or taking a warm bath to reduce stress and anxiety and prepare for sleep.
Seeking Professional Help: Seeking more specific treatments such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I), tailored specifically for treating insomnia.
Establishing Regular Sleep Patterns: Aim to go to bed and wake up at the same time every day, including weekends which regulate the body clock for easier and more restorative sleep.
Reducing Screen Time: Minimize electronic device usage, such as smartphones, tablets, and TVs, at least an hour before bedtime. Blue light from screens can suppress melatonin production, thereby disrupting sleep.
Learner Analysis (Brown & Green, 2005)
Learner Analysis (Brown & Green, 2005)
In learner analysis, we did desk research on the learner characteristics and gained insights into motivation and preferences through a survey with 60 respondents.
Learner Characteristics
Greater Smartphone Dependency
Young adults have an all-time high level of smartphone dependency from 2013 to 2023.
Heavier Internet Use
Among young adults with at least some college experience and from high-income households, internet usage is near universal.
Relatively Higher Education Level
Young adults today are much more likely than their counterparts 30 years ago to be college graduates.
Learner Motivation
How Motivated？
How Motivated？
In our survey, we designed a question asking participants to draw their scale for their motivation level to address insomnia - with 1 being “Not motivated all all” and 5 being “Extremely motivated”.
In total, 50 participants responded and gave their scale. The average falls at 3.38, indicating that individuals recognize the importance of addressing insomnia to some extent but may not feel extremely driven to do so.
What Motivation？
What Motivation？
We asked “What factors would motivate you to address insomnia?” in the survey, and collected 50 responses.
Overall, the data highlights a multifaceted understanding of the motivations behind addressing insomnia, encompassing both physical health concerns and broader lifestyle and performance-related considerations.
Learning Preference
Learning Location
We received 57 responses in our survey. The result highlights home and educational spaces as primary locations for engaging in learning activities. 79% respondents indicated home as their typical learning location. 60% reported engaging in learning activities in educational spaces.
This indicates that individuals value comfort, access to resources, and structured learning environments.
Learning Length
As for the preferred learning length, we received 57 responses. The data underscores the preference for shorter, bite-sized learning sessions, with 79% of them preferring learning sessions within 30 minutes and 19% preferring 30 minutes to 1 hour.
This highlights the importance of delivering content in a format that is convenient, accessible, and conducive to optimal learning outcomes.
Learning Mode
Regarding the preferred modes for leanring, we collected 57 responses. Overall, the data suggests a strong preference for online and self-paced learning methods. The highest percentage of respondents (64%, 36 respondents) indicated a preference for online learning. Half of the respondents (50%) preferred self-paced learning.
This highlights the importance of accessible and flexible resources for addressing sleep-related issues.
Personas
Setting Analysis
Setting Analysis
Setting 1:
In-person Workshop
Setting 2:
Self-paced
Online Learning
Pros
High level of engagement: In-person group settings can foster a sense of community and support among participants, promoting motivation.
Real-time feedback: Participants can receive immediate feedback and clarification on their queries, enhancing understanding and effectiveness of the learning process.
Reduced distractions: Participants are less likely to be distracted by digital interruptions, allowing for better focus.
Flexibility: Participants can learn at their own pace, accommodating individual preferences and learning styles.
Accessibility: Mobile learning provides greater accessibility, allowing participants to engage in learning activities anytime and anywhere (as long as they have access to an electronic device and an internet connection).
Cost-effective for learners: Mobile learning eliminates the need for venue rental, travel expenses, and other logistical costs associated with in-person sessions, making it a more budget-friendly option.
Cons
Limited accessibility: In-person sessions may not be accessible to everyone.
Higher costs: Organizing in-person sessions may be less cost-effective compared to mobile forms.
Time constraints: Fixed schedules and time commitments may pose challenges for participants.
Low level of engagement: Learners are not able to interact or communicate with other learners, which may result in low level of engagement.
Self-discipline required: Mobile learning places greater responsibility on participants to manage their own learning process.
Technical challenges: Participants may encounter technical issues such as connectivity problems or device compatibility issues.
Task Analysis (Jonassen, Tessmer & Hannum, 1998)
Task Analysis (Jonassen, Tessmer & Hannum, 1998)
For task analysis, we interviewed two Psychology Experts and referenced 'Why We Sleep?' by Matthew P. Walker for foundational guidance. Additionally, we used online resources for detailed information.
Introduce SMEs
Introduce SMEs
Ziki Dong
Ziki Dong
Master's Degree in Psychology
Clinical Intern
Sleep Research Project Member
Yuchen Shi
Yuchen Shi
Master's Degree in Psychology
Matthew P. Walker
Matthew P. Walker
Ph.D. in Neurophysiology from the Medical Research Council in London
Director of the Center for Human Sleep Science
Author of “Why We Sleep?”
Triangulation Analysis
Triangulation Analysis
Relation with Subject
Relation with Subject
Consultation with Psychology Experts
Consultation with Psychology Experts
Sleep is deeply intertwined with psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, and cognitive functioning.
Publications by Neurophysiology Experts
Publications by Neurophysiology Experts
Sleep is a neurophysiological process governed by complex interactions within the brain and nervous system.
Other Desk
Research
Other Desk
Research
Supplement materials.
Contribution to Research
Contribution to Research
Offer direct perspectives and practical insights based on their psychology experience and knowledge.
Provide research findings and frameworks related to the neurological aspects of sleep.
Enable the identification of the latest trends and diverse perspectives on sleep.
Key Contents
Key Contents
Key Tasks
Key Tasks
The Secrets of Body Clock
The Sleep Cycle
Why Do We Sleep?
Existing Treatments
Five Key Factors
Circadian Rhythm & Sleep Pressure
Two-Process Model Of Sleep Regulation
Melatonin and Caffeine
Wake, REM, NREM1, NREM2, SWS
Benefits of good sleep
Consequences of sleep deprivation and poor sleep
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT-i)
Sleep Pills - Side effects
How they affect sleep (Modern Light, Regularized Temperature, Caffeine, Alcohol, Alarms)
Strategies and tips
SATED Sleep Questionnaire
Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI)
Sleep Diary
Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR)
Score five aspects of sleep to measure sleep fulfillment.
Assesses behaviors and practices related to sleep hygiene.
To track and monitor sleep patterns and habits.
A stress reduction method developed by Doctor Edmund Jacobson.
Goals and Objectives
Goals and Objectives
Goals
Goals
◉ Gain a foundational understanding of the scientific principles governing sleep.
◉ Recognize the critical importance of sleep.
◉ Establish basic sleep hygiene practices and behavioral techniques to enhance sleep quality.
◉ Cultivate the ability to evaluate the effectiveness of implemented sleep strategies.
◉ Harness motivation to actively manage personal sleep health.
Objectives (Bloom’s Taxonomy)
Objectives (Bloom’s Taxonomy)
I. Remember
III. Apply
V. Evaluate
◉ Define circadian rhythms and explain their significance in regulating sleep-wake cycles.
◉ Describe the two-process model of sleep regulation and the roles of melatonin and caffeine.
◉ Identify the stages of the sleep cycle and their characteristics (Wake, REM, NREM1, NREM2, SWS).
◉ Utilize the SATED Sleep Questionnaire, Sleep Diary, and Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI) to assess personal sleep fulfillment and hygiene.
◉ Practice progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) techniques as a method for reducing stress.
◉ Assess the effectiveness of implemented sleep strategies and treatments through self-reflection and objective measures.
II. Understand
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IV. Analyze
VI. Create
◉ Explain how modern factors such as light exposure, temperature, caffeine, alcohol, and alarms affect sleep quality.
◉ Discuss the underlying reasons why humans need to sleep and the implications of inadequate sleep on health and well-being.
◉ Compare cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-i) and sleep medication in terms of effectiveness and potential side effects.
◉ Break down the causes and consequences of sleep deprivation, examining the physiological, cognitive, and emotional effects.
◉ Design personalized sleep improvement plans based on individual needs and preferences.
Design Implications
Design Implications
The Needs Analysis, Learner Analysis, and Task Analysis provide design implications in these aspects:
The design should be concise and easily accessible, allowing learners to engage from the comfort of their homes or educational environments.
The design should address both theoretical concepts and practical applications, bridging the habit and knowledge gap in young adults.
The design should provide options for learners to personalize their learning journey based on their unique goals.
The design should cater for the higher education level of the target audience, offering advanced concepts to support continuous intellectual growth.
Reflections
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I learned the vital role of SMEs and how to collaborate with them. With the interdisciplinary complexity of sleep research, interviewing SMEs marked a turning point. They use simple terms to explain complex concepts and point out the crucial steps for beginners, which greatly enhanced our research quality.
I learned that when integrating various methods, it's crucial to consider their sequence as they can mutually influence outcomes. For instance, conducting desk research beforehand provides an initial understanding of the topic, aiding in more effective and professional communication during interviews. Furthermore, conducting interviews before surveys can yield diverse ideas for designing choice options.
I wondered how best to select the target group for research in the beginning stage. Should we emphasize accessibility to data sources? Even though we wanted to consider diverse ethnicities, we weren’t able to balance the ethnicity of participants in our survey.
I learned how efficient it would be if everyone in the team had a specific title and role, as well as how important it is to have a competent project manager.
I learned how much information can be gained when doing research from different methods. All team members are not experts on our focused theme at the beginning. We did plenty of desk research to have a general understanding of the focused theme; we designed interviews and surveys to learn about our target groups of learners about their knowledge and learning preferences; We consulted SMEs and collaborated with them to identify what contents and tasks could be included. This diverse research made us more confident now in building a learning experience on the focused theme.
I want to learn how to balance the insights that we gained from our learners and SMEs as well as the opinions of other stakeholders. How to leverage the insights and opinions and satisfy all parties? Or is it possible to satisfy them all?
I learned that the role of the project manager is very important in a team. Without this role, the teamwork would fall into disarray. It is she who keeps our work organized and makes sure everyone is aware of their part.
I also learned the significance of knowing the learners in the position of instructional designer. Through desk research, surveys, and interviews, we get to know the domestics, motivations, and challenges of the learners. This helps a lot when we design the learning experience.
I want to learn how to identify the “motivations” and “expectations” of our learners since the two concepts have many overlappings and I did have difficulty distinguishing one from the other.
I learned the guiding role of needs analysis in the project. During the project, interviews and surveys helped us to understand the real preferences, expectations, and challenges of learners, and we found that their needs were not completely consistent with our initial assumptions. This helps us better understand what learners are looking for in a product.
I learned that gathering feedback and understanding what it means can be challenging. Sometimes the feedback we get may need to be more specific or consistent, which requires us to conduct more in-depth analysis and discussion and extract the most suitable statement for the project.
I wonder how requirements and priorities may change during the project, which may have an impact on the progress and design direction of the project, and how we should better cope with such changes to ensure the project can be processed on schedule.
I learned the importance of competitive market analysis. By analyzing existing products that can achieve similar goals, including their strengths and weaknesses, we can gain valuable insights. These insights will guide us in designing more effective solutions.
After collecting the learning needs of learners through interviews and surveys, the challenge lies in designing a course that adequately meets these needs. When different needs emerge, it is important to consider how to balance these differences carefully, ensuring the course caters to the expectations of the majority while also encompassing diverse needs as much as possible.
I learned the importance of conducting secondary research. By reading professional academic papers, we can access a wealth of information on the subject which benefits our subsequent course design work. This approach is invaluable for those of us who previously lacked expertise in the field.
References
References
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