This tool plots the possible locations where a signal might refract from the ionosphere and again refract from the earth's surface. Ionospheric refraction points are shown as blue circles, and earth refraction points are shown as boxes. You provide your estimate of the number of hops and the height of the ionosphere, and press calculate. The map draws possible refraction points and calculates both compass degrees and vertical degrees of departure and arrival. For this example, all vertical degrees are calculated to be the same. These values may be different from what is provided in other estimator tools on this site. If the signal goes over the top or under the bottom of Earth, you may not see all the points. Negative vertical angles are methematically possible, but a sure sign that you need more hops or a higher ionosphere. This page is currently in development with testing in process.
Distance values are in miles.