*: papers where I am the corresponding author

In Progress

[30] S.-K. Kim* et al. In preparation

[29] S.-K. Kim* et al. Community Recharge Oscillator (CRO) v1.0: an open-source Python and MATLAB package for solving, parameter fitting, and practical applications of the ENSO recharge oscillator, In preparation *CLIVAR Working Group Project

[28] S.-K. Kim* et al, In review

[27] C. Liu, S.-I. An, K.-S. Yun, G. Mandal, S.-K. Kim, J.-S. Kug, F.-F. Jin, Precession-state dependency of El Niño–Southern Oscillation in a 3-million-year transient CGCM simulation, Submitted

Published

2025

[26] S. K. Mondal, S.-I. An, S.-K. Min, T. Jiang, B. Su, S. Paik, S.-K. Kim (2025) Hysteresis and irreversibility of global drought patterns in response to CO2 mitigation efforts, Environmental Research Letters, 20(8), 084047. [link]

[25] H.-J. Park , S.-I. An, J.-H. Park, Y.-M. Yang, S.-K. Kim (2025) Sub-seasonal impact of El Niño–Southern Oscillation on development of the Indian Ocean Dipole, Communications Earth & Environment, 6, 374. [link]

[24] J. Vialard, F.-F. Jin, M.J. McPhaden, A. Fedorov, W. Cai, S.-I. An, D. Dommenget, X. Fang, M. F. Stuecker, C. Wang, A. T. Wittenberg, S. Zhao, F. Liu, S.-K. Kim, Y. Planton, T. Geng, M. Lengaigne, A. Capotondi, N. Chen, L. Geng, S. Hu, T. Izumo, J-S. Kug, J-J. Luo, S. McGregor, B. Pagli, P. Priya, S. Stevenson, S. Thual (2025) The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Recharge Oscillator Conceptual Model: Achievements and Future Prospects, Reviews of Geophysics, 63, e2024RG000843. [link] *CLIVAR Working Group Project 

2024

[23] C. Liu, S.-I. An, Z. Yan, S.-K. Kim, S. Paik (2024) Strong El Niño and La Niña precipitation—sea surface temperature sensitivity under a carbon removal scenario, Communications Earth & Environment, 5, 744. [link]

[22] S.-K. Kim, S.-I. An (2024) Emergence of a climate oscillation in the Arctic Ocean due to global warming, Nature Climate Change, 14(12), 1268–1274. [link]. See also [Research Briefing by Nature Climate Change].

[21] C. Liu, S.-I. An, S.-K. Kim, M. F. Stuecker, W. Zhang, F.-F. Jin, J.-H. Park, L. Jiang, A. Xue, X. Geng, H.-J. Park, Y.-M. Yang, J.-S. Kug (2024) Synchronous decadal climate variability in the tropical Central Pacific and tropical South Atlantic, npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 7,253.  [link]

[20] N. Im, D. Kim, S.-I. An, S. Paik, S.-K. Kim, J. Shin, S.-K. Min, J.-S. Kug, H. Oh (2024) Hysteresis of European summer precipitation under a symmetric CO2 ramp-up and ramp-down pathway, Environmental Research Letters, 19(7), 074030. [link]

[19] S.-K. Kim, H.-J. Park, S.-I. An, C. Liu, W. Cai, A. Santoso, J.-S. Kug (2024) Decreased Indian Ocean Dipole variability under prolonged greenhouse warming, Nature Communications, 15, 2811. [link]

[18] S. Paik,  S.-I. An, A. D. King, S.-K. Kim, S.-K. Min (2024) Understanding climate changes in East Asia and Europe based on spatial climate analogs, Environmental Research Letters, 19(4), 044036. [link] 

2023

[17] S. Paik,  S.-I. An, S.-K. Min, A. D. King, S.-K. Kim (2023) Emergent constraints on future extreme precipitation intensification: from global to continental scales, Weather and Climate Extremes, 42, 100613. [link] 

[16] C. Liu, S.-I. An, F.-F. Jin, M. F. Stuecker, W. Zhang, J.-S. Kug, X. Yuan, J. Shin, A. Xue, X. Geng, S.-K. Kim (2023) ENSO skewness hysteresis and associated changes in strong El Niño under a CO2 removal scenario, npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 6, 117. [link]

[15] C. Liu, S.-I. An, F.-F. Jin, J. Shin, J.-S. Kug, W. Zhang, M. F. Stuecker, X. Yuan, A. Xue, X. Geng, S.-K. Kim (2023) Hysteresis of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation to CO2 forcing, Science Advances, 9(31), eadh8442. [link]

[14] S.-I. An, H.-J. Park, S.-K. Kim, W. Cai, A. Santoso, D. Kim, J.-S. Kug (2023) Main drivers of Indian Ocean Dipole asymmetry revealed by a simple IOD model, npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 6, 93. [link]

[13] S. K. Mondal, S.-I. An, S.-K. Min, S.-K. Kim, J. Shin, S. Paik, N. Im, C. Liu (2023) Hysteresis and irreversibility of global extreme precipitation to anthropogenic CO2  emission, Weather and Climate Extremes, 40, 100561. [link]

2022

[12] R. Olson, S.-K. Kim, Y. Fan, S.-I. An (2022) Probabilistic projections of El Niño Southern Oscillation properties accounting for model dependence and skill, Scientific Reports, 12, 22128. [link]

[11] S.-K. Kim, J. Shin, S.-I. An, H.-J. Kim, N. Im, S.-P. Xie, J.-S. Kug, S.-W. Yeh (2022) Widespread irreversible changes in surface temperature and precipitation in response to CO2 forcing, Nature Climate Change, 12(9), 834-840. [link]. See also [Research Briefing by Nature Climate Change].
*Selected as National Champion article in the Frontiers Planet Prize 2023

[10] S.-K. Kim, A. Timmermann, J.-S. Kim, R. Olson, S.-I. An (2022) A low-order dynamical model for fire-vegetation-climate interactions, Environmental Research Letters, 17(9), 094004. [link]

[9] S.-I. An, H.-J. Park, S.-K. Kim, J. Shin, S.-W. Yeh, J.-S. Kug (2022) Intensity changes of Indian Ocean Dipole Mode in a Carbon Dioxide Removal Scenario, npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 5, 20. [link]

[8] S.-K. Kim, H.-J. Kim, H. A. Dijkstra, S.-I. An (2022) Slow and soft passage through tipping point of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in a changing climate, npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 5, 13. [link]

2021

[7] R. Olson, S.-I. An, Y. Fan, S.-K. Kim (2021) A flexible data-driven cyclostationary model for probability density of El Niño-Southern Oscillation, Chaos, 31(10), 103126. [link]

[6] S.-K. Kim, S.-I. An (2021) Seasonal Gap Theory for ENSO Phase Locking, Journal of Climate, 34(14), 5621-5634. [link]

[5] H.-J. Kim, S.-I. An, S.-K. Kim, J.-H. Park (2021) Feedback Processes Modulating the Sensitivity of Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation to Freshwater Forcing Timescales, Journal of Climate, 34(12), 5081-5092. [link]

[4] R. Olson, S.-I. An, S.-K. Kim, Y. Fan (2021) A novel approach for discovering stochastic models behind data applied to El Niño–Southern Oscillation, Scientific Reports, 11, 2648. [link]

[3] S.-I. An, H-.J. Kim, S.-K. Kim (2021) Rate-Dependent Hysteresis of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation System and Its Asymmetric Loop, Geophysical Research Letters, 48(1), e2020GL090132. [link]

2020

[2] S.-I. An, S.-K. Kim, A. Timmermann (2020) Fokker–Planck dynamics of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, Scientific Reports, 10, 16282. [link]

[1] S.-K. Kim, S.-I. An (2020) Untangling El Niño‐La Niña Asymmetries Using a Nonlinear Coupled Dynamic Index, Geophysical Research Letters, 47(4), e2019GL085881. [link]

Editorials (Non-Peer Reviewed)

[2] Research Briefing - Nature Climate Change (2024) ‘Arctic Niño’ might emerge in an ice-free world, Nature Climate Change, 14(12), 1232–1233. [link]. Collaboratively written with the editorial team. 

[1] Research Briefing - Nature Climate Change (2022) Unravelling global patterns of irreversible climate change, Nature Climate Change, 12(9), 787–788. [link]. Collaboratively written with the editorial team.