An Insight into Berkeley students staging a sit-in in support of Free Speech at Sproul Hall. From singing in the hall, from sleeping on the steps to sitting...Sproul represents a place of action to Berkeley students.
Folk singer Joan Baez sits with student demonstrators in Sproul Hall on the University of California campus in Berkeley, Calif., Dec. 2, 1964
Demonstrators asleep on the steps of Sproul Hall during a sit-in the night of December 2, 1964. (Sid Tate/UC Berkeley Bancroft Library)
Students seated in Sproul Plaza during a Free Speech Movement event in 1964. (UC Berkeley Bancroft Library)
Context¹
Mario Savio
Sit-in Address on the Steps of Sproul Hall
delivered 2 December 1964, The University of California at Berkeley
Assemblyman Donald Mulford R-Berkeley: “I am convinced that the revolt is far more insidious than appears on the surface.”
The document suggests that the sit-in at the University of California, Berkeley was largely successful in bringing attention to the issue of student rights on campus. Additionally, the document highlights the fact that the sit-in was largely peaceful, despite the fact that there was some concern that it could turn violent.
The article discusses the day in court student protestors faced after police arrested several students.³
“For the most part the student defendants were well mannered and conservatively dressed. Even the fiery Mario Savio, the FSM leader, wore a tie-a bright red one.”
The San Francisco Chronicle is a newspaper aimed at a general audience, prioritizing citizens who live in San Francisco and the Bay Area. This article is mass-produced, alerting readers to a rising development at the University of California.
Conducted by Lisa Rubens in 2000, Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 2013.⁴
Jerry Berman, a first-year law student at Boalt Hall, discusses how the HUAC hearings in San Francisco in 1960 made him an activist. He talks about the political influences at Cal of two students, Bill Lockyear, the future California State assemblyman and senator, and Wilson Carey McWilliams, son of the writer and editor of the Nation. Berman had been an undergraduate and MA student at Berkeley, involved in SLATE, and an advocate of student strikes during FSM.
https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/roho/ucb/text/berman_jerry_2013.pdf
In his book⁵ Community in Motion: The Free Speech Movement, Civil Rights, and the Roots of the New Left, Eynon chronicles the origins of the Free Speech Movement (FSM) at the University of California, Berkeley in the fall of 1964. The FSM was a student-led movement that challenged the university's ban on political activity on campus. The movement quickly spread to other campuses across the country and became a central part of the civil rights and anti-war movements of the 1960s. Eynon argues that the FSM was a key predecessor to the New Left, which emerged in the late 1960s as a more radical and militant political movement.
"The Free Speech Movement was the beginning of my political education, and it had a profound impact on my life. It was a time when students stood up against authority and demanded to be heard. We were fighting for our rights, but we were also fighting for the rights of all people. The movement taught me the power of collective action and the importance of standing up for what you believe in. It was a time when ordinary people did extraordinary things." - Roger Bradford, Activist Interviewed by Eynon
Bret Eynon argues that the free speech movement of the 1960s was a direct result of the civil rights movement. He writes that "the free speech movement was born out of the same spirit of opposition to established authority that had animated the civil rights movement." He goes on to say that "the free speech movement was a product of the same social forces that gave rise to the civil rights movement." Eynon concludes by saying that "the free speech movement was the logical outgrowth of the civil rights movement." (Eynon, 64-66)
Bret Eynon tells the story of how the Free Speech Movement of the 1960s was a response to the Civil Rights Movement. The Free Speech Movement was a way for people to assert their right to free speech and free expression. It was also a way for people to challenge the authority of the government. The Civil Rights Movement was a way for people to challenge the segregation and discrimination that was occurring in the United States. The two movements were similar in that they were both about challenging the status quo and fighting for change.
The Pulitzer Prize-winning photo of Cornell students emerging from Willard Straight Hall after the takeover
In 1968-69, there was a controversy at the university over how to discipline African-American students who had protested. This was also related to the burning of a cross on the lawn of Wari House, which was the dorm for African-American women on campus. Some African-American students demanded amnesty for the accused protesters, as well as the establishment of an Africana Studies center. On April 19, 1969, some of the students occupied Willard Straight Hall. Later, white students from Delta Upsilon tried to retake the building by force, but the students who were occupying the building had firearms and were able to keep them out. Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) formed a cordon around the building to prevent any further attack.
The Takeover of Willard Straight Hall⁷ is fascinating because the movement embodies taking control of a physical place, just like the sit-in at Sproul. Both Willard and Sproul Hall belong to their respective institutions, institutions with immense money and power. Student activists claimed these institutional-representative spaces because it was a way of forcing the university to care: by taking over and dominating a space that's deemed theirs.