Posters with meaningful words can also be part of the curriculum. The sentence in the picture is a Confucian proverb that is taught in Chinese class.
In one of the classes, the students had read through The Legend of Sleepy Hollows and did some discussion about the plot. Since Halloween was around the corner, the teacher chose a horror fiction and introduced cultural elements to the students. In today’s class, the students watched the Disney animated version in 1949 and compared what they saw in the movie to what they read in the text. While they were watching, they needed to pay attention to the similarities and differences between the book and the movie, as well as objects or actions that bore cultural meanings. In the specific content area, ELA, the core skills include making connections between the language and the culture (Common Core State Standards Initiative, 2021). The task of spotting similarities and differences was to train the students’ ability to make comparisons between different texts. It helped them develop critical thinking skills because they would question why the animators changed something. The other task of finding cultural elements could cultivate students’ sense of English culture and develop cultural literacy.
While the teacher played the video, he stopped at certain points and asked students questions about the reading. If students could not answer, he ave them hints that reminded them of some details in the original text. For example, he pointed out that while people were at the party, there should be a group of African American people (who were slaves at that time) watching from outside the house because they could not come in. However, the animated version deleted this scene because it was considered improper to include people of color in a movie in 1949. By bringing up this difference, the teacher directed students’ attention to racism depicted in the story and other related examples they had read about. The elimination of people of color happened more than once in the movie, so the next time it appeared, some students could quickly notice it without the teacher’s hint. As it appeared more frequently, students became aware of the severity of racial discrimination in that period.
"What one wants, it seems to me, is to provide a curriculum and a school environment that enable students to develop the dispositions, the appetites, the skills, and the ideas that will allow them to live personally satisfying and socially productive lives."
-- Eisner, 2003
Book fair at the school library. Books of both Eastern and Western cultures are on display.
As for cultural elements, since the protagonist of the story, Ichabod Crane, was a superstitious person, many superstitions were seen in the movie. For example, when he walked down the road, he avoided walking under a ladder, and he picked a black cat out of his way. These were said to be signs of bad luck. When the teacher pointed these out, he also asked the students to share some superstitions they knew. Some said that during the ghost month of the Chinese lunar calendar, people could not hang their clothes outside at night, nor could they sing at night because it would attract spirits to their houses. These examples not only were well related to the theme of ghost in this movie, but also tied closely to the students' cultural background as Chinese descents.
In this class, we can see the teacher keep problematizing the scenes in the animation in the hope of bringing in the topic of discrimination against African American. Nonetheless, we cannot help but question "how about Asian Americans?" When Nieto (2010) talked about multicultural education, she stated that "what students learn represents only a fraction of what is available knowledge, and those who decide what is important make choices that are influenced by their own limited background, education, and experiences" (p. 73). Due to the teacher's epistemic limits, knowledge of Chinese culture has to be contributed by the students, and it is important that the teacher values it as much. The text selected by the teacher can only represent part of the world's knowledge, and therefore exploration of alternative texts is essential. As Nieto (2010) suggested, the exploration can help teachers and students be more aware of the role of culture and language in learning.
Common Core State Standards Initiative. (2021). Common core state standards for English language arts and literacy in history/social studies, science, and technical subjects. Common Core State Standards Initiative. Retrieved October 30, 2021, from http://www.corestandards.org/read-the-standards/
Eisner, E. (2003). Questionable assumptions about schooling. Phi Delta Kappan, 84(9), 648-657.
Nieto, S. (2010). Language, Culture, and Teaching: Critical Perspectives (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.