Abstract: Does violence victimization get transmitted across generations? Using Danish register data spanning four decades, we provide the first empirical evidence on the cycle of victimization beyond small-scale surveys. We document that the intergenerational transmission is substantial for both victimization and crime. Even though victimization has received less attention, it emerges as nearly as consequential as violent offending. Transmission is proportionally stronger for daughters, reflecting their lower baseline risks combined with sizable parental effects. Maternal pathways, and especially mother–daughter victimization transmission, are particularly robust to differences in family traits. Direct exposure--especially to maternal victimization--plays a central role in perpetuating the cycle of violence across generations.

Which investments in climate protection should policymakers prioritize? We develop a framework that combines the Marginal Value of Public Funds (MVPF) with structural models of demand for green technologies to evaluate the welfare impact of non-marginal changes in environmental regulations. Our approach allows us to trace the MVPF over the full policy spectrum using counterfactual simulations. This contrasts with the sufficient statistics approach which relies on constant elasticities and a ``small policy changes'' assumption in the evaluation of the policy's effectiveness. We apply our methodology to the Canadian electric vehicle market, following Fournel (2025). We document important nonlinearities in the cost-effectiveness of the Canadian electric vehicle incentive programs: subsidies deliver substantial social returns on the first dollars spent, but the diminishing welfare gains make large subsidies inefficient. At the currently available subsidies, we estimate an MVPF of 0.8, which indicates that the policy does not generate a dollar-for-dollar return on investment.