Abstract: Which climate investments should policymakers prioritize? We develop a framework that combines the Marginal Value of Public Funds (MVPF) with structural models of demand for green technologies to evaluate the welfare effects of environmental reforms. Our approach traces the MVPF across the entire policy spectrum using counterfactual simulations, thereby relaxing the constant-elasticity and “small-change” assumptions of sufficient-statistics methods. We apply our methodology to the Canadian electric vehicle market, following Fournel (2025). The analysis reveals strong nonlinearities in the cost-effectiveness of electric vehicle incentives: initial subsidies yield substantial welfare gains, but diminishing returns make large subsidies inefficient. At average subsidy levels, we estimate an MVPF of 1.07, indicating modest social returns. Counterfactual simulations suggest that investing in charging-station deployment generates the highest welfare gains, while taxing fuel-inefficient vehicles is not an efficient funding source.

Abstract: Does violence victimization get transmitted across generations? Using Danish register data spanning four decades, we provide the first empirical evidence on the cycle of victimization beyond small-scale surveys. We document that the intergenerational transmission is substantial for both victimization and crime. Even though victimization has received less attention, it emerges as nearly as consequential as violent offending. Transmission is proportionally stronger for daughters, reflecting their lower baseline risks combined with sizable parental effects. Maternal pathways, and especially mother–daughter victimization transmission, are particularly robust to differences in family traits. Direct exposure--especially to maternal victimization--plays a central role in perpetuating the cycle of violence across generations.