Opening Brief Packet: Crisis of the Third Century
The year is AD 260, and the Roman Empire is in turmoil. Decades of internal strife, external invasions, economic instability, and political fragmentation have led to one of the most perilous periods in Roman history. The crisis has fractured the empire into rival states, weakened its military might, and destabilized its governance.
As delegates, you represent key figures and factions navigating this chaotic landscape. The decisions you make will determine the fate of the Roman Empire, its breakaway territories, and neighboring powers. Will you strive to reunite Rome, assert dominance in your region, or capitalize on its collapse?
Political Fragmentation: The Roman Empire is no longer a united force. The west is dominated by the breakaway Gallic Empire, led by Postumus. In the east, Queen Zenobia of Palmyra has established autonomy while outwardly claiming loyalty to Rome. The central Roman government, led by Emperor Gallienus, struggles to maintain authority over what remains.
External Invasions: The Roman frontiers are under siege. The Goths and Alamanni raid Roman provinces in the north, while the Sassanid Empire, under Shapur I, pushes from the east, capturing Emperor Valerian. Rome’s borders, long defended by the might of the legions, are increasingly vulnerable.
Economic Collapse: The Roman economy is crumbling under the weight of hyperinflation, debased currency, and disrupted trade routes. Control of vital resources like Egyptian grain and Mediterranean trade is critical to survival.
Internal Power Struggles: Usurpers and generals across the empire seek to claim the imperial throne. Governors and military commanders balance loyalty to Rome with their own ambitions. The Senate, once a cornerstone of Roman governance, is sidelined but seeks to reassert its influence.
Cultural and Religious Change: The spread of Christianity, though still a minority faith, challenges traditional Roman values and faces waves of persecution. How will Rome’s leaders handle this growing movement?
Roman Central Authority: Emperor Gallienus must stabilize the heart of the empire, maintain the loyalty of his generals, and reclaim lost territories.
The Gallic Empire: Postumus and his successors seek to consolidate their breakaway state in Gaul, Hispania, and Britannia while fending off internal dissent and external threats.
The Palmyrene Empire: Zenobia balances autonomy with a veneer of loyalty to Rome. Will she declare full independence or work toward a restored Rome under her influence?
Sassanid Empire: Shapur I views Rome’s weakness as an opportunity to expand his domain. He holds Valerian as a symbol of Rome’s decline but must also manage threats to his own borders.
Germanic Tribes and Goths: The Alamanni and Goths seek plunder and settlement within Roman territories but face challenges of unity and Roman counterattacks.
Roman Senate and Traditionalists: Senators aim to restore their role in governance, seeking alliances with key military leaders and regional powers.
Roman Economy and Trade: Merchants, governors, and guilds prioritize the restoration of trade routes and economic stability. Control of Egypt’s grain is a pivotal issue.
Christian Communities: Bishops and leaders of the growing Christian movement must navigate persecution while advocating for their followers and values.
Each delegate has a unique set of goals and challenges based on their role.
Unite or Fragment: Will you work to reunify the empire, establish a stable regional power, or pursue personal ambitions?
Secure Resources: Grain, trade routes, and manpower are critical to survival. Control of Egypt and the Mediterranean is particularly crucial.
Form Alliances: The success of your objectives often depends on diplomacy. Who can you trust, and who will betray you?
Respond to Threats: External invasions, internal rebellions, and economic crises demand decisive action. Will you lead offensively or defensively?
Shape the Future: Will Rome emerge stronger, or will this be the beginning of its end? Your actions will determine the legacy of this crisis.
Valerian’s Captivity: The Roman Emperor is held by Shapur I. Negotiating his release or exploiting his absence will be key to shaping Rome’s future.
Postumus’ Rise: The Gallic Empire’s growing power threatens central Roman authority. Can it be subdued, or is coexistence possible?
Barbarian Invasions: Gothic and Alamanni forces are pressing hard on the northern borders. Delegates must decide how to defend or exploit these incursions.
Economic Breakdown: Hyperinflation and disrupted trade routes have thrown the empire into disarray. Restoring stability will require cooperation and innovation.
Crisis Updates: Throughout the session, new events will unfold, including invasions, rebellions, and shifts in alliances. Delegates must adapt their strategies accordingly.
Negotiation and Diplomacy: Delegates are encouraged to form pacts, alliances, and agreements. However, betrayal and shifting loyalties are to be expected.
Military Actions: Use military resources strategically. Reckless actions may result in heavy losses or unintended consequences.
Economic Policies: Proposals to address inflation, trade disruptions, and resource allocation will shape the course of the crisis.
Cultural and Religious Policies: Handling the Christian question, traditional Roman values, and regional identities will be crucial to securing public support.
The Crisis of the Third Century is a test of leadership, strategy, and diplomacy. Delegates have the power to shape history, for better or worse. Will you save Rome, carve out your own empire, or watch as the empire collapses into chaos? The future lies in your hands.