Have you ever been doing research, or even reading the news, and come across a screen like this before?
If you haven't, this is what a paywall looks like. It blocks your access to content and lists the price of access to that content. The example above is for a scholarly journal article from a scholarly publisher, Taylor & Francis. Traditional scholarly publishers operate on a subscription model for their journals (much like newspapers and magazines) and a pay-to-download system for individual articles.
$15 might not seem like much, but imagine if you had to pay for every single article you cite in a paper - it adds up! In addition, prices can vary widely depending on the publisher and features of scholarly work, such as how recently it was published.
Below is a sample bibliography on a science topic. Click the link to each article, and if needed, try to "get access" to it so you run into the paywall. Note the cost to download of the full content of each work and add them all together.
Note: Make sure you're not signed in to access through your university library, so you can see the full article price (using incognito mode can help with this). We'll talk about how libraries help you gain access to paywalled scholarly information in the next section.
Govea-Alonso DO, Beltrán-López J, Salazar-González JA, Vargas-Morales J, Rosales-Mendoza S. Progress and future opportunities in the development of vaccines against atherosclerosis. Expert review of vaccines. 2017;16:337. 10.1080/14760584.2017.1258309
Lauersen KJ, Huber I, Wichmann J, et al. Investigating the dynamics of recombinant protein secretion from a microalgal host. Journal of biotechnology. 2015;215:62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.05.001
Hallmann A. Advances in Genetic Engineering of Microalgae. In: Hallmann A., Rampelotto P. (eds) Grand Challenges in Algae Biotechnology. Grand Challenges in Biology and Biotechnology. Springer, Cham. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25233-5_5
Rasala BA, and Mayfield SP. Photosynthetic biomanufacturing in green algae; production of recombinant proteins for industrial, nutritional, and medical uses. Photosynth Res. 2015;123:227–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-014-9994-7
Rosales-Mendoza S, Solis-Andrade KI, Marquez-Escobar VA, Gonzalez-Ortega O, Banuelos-Hernandez B. Current advances in the algae-made biopharmaceuticals field. Expert opinion on biological therapy. 2020;20:751-766. 10.1080/14712598.2020.1739643
Tran M, Henry RE, Siefker D, Van C, Newkirk G, Kim J, Bui J, and Mayfield SP. Production of anti‐cancer immunotoxins in algae: Ribosome inactivating proteins as fusion partners. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013:110:2826-2835. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.24966
$535.90 for just 6 scholarly works!
1. Traditional scholarly publishers often block access to their journal contents with paywalls, requiring individuals to pay to download an article or subscribe to a journal.
2. The accumulated paywall costs of doing research would be too expensive for most individual researchers to pay.
Attributions
Paywall image and shopping activity adapted from the Duke Library 101 Toolkit.