Spina Bifida: A congenital condition where there is incomplete closing of the backbone and membranes around the spinal cord during fetal development. It can result in varying degrees of physical and neurological disabilities.

Hysterotomy: A surgical procedure involving incision into the uterus, often performed for accessing and treating fetal abnormalities such as spina bifida.

Myelomeningocele Sac: Also known as a meningomyelocele, it refers to a type of spina bifida where the spinal canal and backbone do not close properly during fetal development, resulting in a sac containing the spinal cord, its covering meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid protruding from the baby's back.

Meningocele: A type of spina bifida characterized by a sac protruding through an opening in the spine, which contains the protective covering of the spinal cord (meninges) and cerebrospinal fluid, but typically not the spinal cord itself.

Neural Tube Defects: A group of congenital abnormalities affecting the development of the neural tube, which includes spina bifida. It occurs when the neural tube, which forms the brain and spinal cord, fails to close completely during early embryonic development.

Chiari Malformation: A condition where brain tissue extends into the spinal canal, often associated with spina bifida, which can cause hydrocephalus and affect the function of the brain and spinal cord.

Hydrocephalus: A condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain, often occurring as a complication of spina bifida due to impaired circulation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid.

Tethered Cord: A condition where the spinal cord is abnormally attached to the surrounding tissues, limiting its movement within the spinal canal. It is commonly associated with spina bifida and can lead to neurological symptoms and complications.

VP Shunt: Ventriculoperitoneal shunt, a surgical procedure used to treat hydrocephalus by diverting excess cerebrospinal fluid from the brain's ventricles to the abdominal cavity, where it can be absorbed by the body.

Syrinx: A fluid-filled cavity within the spinal cord, often associated with Chiari malformation and other conditions related to spina bifida, which can cause neurological symptoms and complications.

Orthopedic Surgery: Surgical procedures aimed at correcting musculoskeletal deformities and abnormalities often seen in individuals with spina bifida, such as scoliosis, clubfoot, and hip dislocation.

Neurosurgery: Surgical procedures involving the nervous system, often required for addressing complications of spina bifida such as tethered cord, Chiari malformation, and syringomyelia.