CHEMISTRY COURSES

CHM 2 - INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

CHM 11 - General CHEMISTRY I

Videos

Required attribution for the videos below: Potma, Eric General Chemistry 1P (UCI OpenCourseWare: University of California, Irvine), http://ocw.uci.edu/courses/chem_1p_pr.... [ Accessed August 1, 2020]. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/b...). Website: http://open.uci.edu.


  1. Atoms

    • 02:18- Atoms

    • 02:20- Particles

    • 03:33- Atomic Theory

    • 05:03- Dalton's Laws

    • 09:40- Elementary Particles

    • 13:40- Elementary Particles, Slide 2

    • 16:40- Elementary Particles, Slide 3

    • 17:45- The Nucleus

    • 20:46- The Architecture of the Atom

    • 22:25- Concept of Size

    • 24:43- Concept of Size, Slide 2

    • 25:36- Isotopes

    • 28:05- Common Isotopes of Some Lighter Elements

    • 29:41- Atomic Number

    • 31:53- Atomic Mass

    • 33:21- Atomic Mass- Average Atomic Mass

    • 36:24- Atomic mass- What is the Average Mass of Other Elements?

    • 38:24- Periodic Table

    • 39:00- Origin of Elements

    • 40:29- Beyond Helium

    • 42:16- Heavier Elements

    • 43:39- Element Abundance

    • 44:02- Exotic Elements

    • 44:52- Radioactivity


  1. Ions & Molecules

    • 00:05- Ions and Molecules

    • 00:59- Atoms and Isotopes- Periodic Table

    • 03:11- Atoms and Isotopes

    • 05:32- Ions

    • 06:48- Elemental Ions

    • 08:16- Common Names for Elemental Ions

    • 10:51- What Charge Does the Ion Have?

    • 13:02- Type II Cations

    • 14:00- Ions

    • 16:38- Examples

    • 18:22- Polyatomic Ions

    • 21:39- Ionic and Covalent Bonds

    • 23:11- Ionic Compounds

    • 25:02- Formula of Ionic Compounds

    • 29:01- Molecules

    • 31:41- Typical Molecular Compounds

    • 32:42- Molecular Models

    • 33:29- Molecule or Ionic Compound?


  1. Naming Compounds

    • 00:05- Naming Compounds

    • 00:58- Elements...

    • 03:09- Bedtime Stories

    • 03:29- From Elements to Compounds

    • 04:50- What's in a Name?

    • 06:55- Binary Ions- Naming Type I Binary Ions

    • 09:21- Binary Ions- Naming Type II Binary Ions

    • 05:15- Naming Compounds: Binary Ions

    • 12:57- Binary Ions

    • 16:13- Naming Compounds: Polyatomic Ions

    • 17:27- Naming Compounds: Binary Covalent

    • 20:51- Naming Compounds: Acids

    • 23:09- Acids

    • 25:14- Hydrates

    • 27:48- Common Stinkers

    • 30:55- Example

    • 33:21- Example, Slide 2


  1. Mole and Molar Mass

    • 00:06- Mole and Molar Mass

    • 00:24- Midterm Results

    • 04:34- Midterm Summary

    • 08:02- Coversions

    • 11:58- Naming Compounds

    • 14:46- Moving On: Next Stop Chapter 3

    • 15:20- Counting Atoms

    • 18:00- Mole

    • 20:36- Mole, Slide 2

    • 24:19- Mole: Example, Titanium

    • 26:59- Mole: Example, CO2

    • 30:54- Molar Mass: From Atoms to Molecules

    • 33:12- Molar Mass: Example 1

    • 36:36- Molar Mass: Example 2

    • 40:25- Molar Mass: Example 3

    • 42:50- Molar Mass: Example 4


  1. Mass Percent

    • 00:06- Mass Percent

    • 03:42- Mass Percent

    • 12:13- Empirical Formula

    • 13:38- Empirical Formula Example :Ti and O

    • 18:10- Calculating Empirical Formulas

    • 19:24- Empirical Formula: Combustion Analysis of Hydrocarbons

    • 23:52- Empirical Formula Example: Burning a Sample

    • 27:49- Molecular Formula

    • 30:01- Molecular Formula Example: CH

    • 32:22- Empirical and Molecular Formulas

    • 37:43- Calculating Molecular Formulas: Method 1

    • 39:09- Shortcut

    • 42:25- Calculating Molecular Formulas: Method 2


  1. Chemical Reactions

    • 00:13- Chemical Reactions

    • 00:37- So Far...

    • 01:18- Molecules Interact

    • 02:17- Chemical Reactions

    • 03:26- Chemical Reactions: Antoine Lavoisier

    • 04:04- Chemical Reactions: Combustion of Methane

    • 06:26- Chemical Reactions: Balancing the Equation

    • 08:14- Information in Chemical Equations

    • 11:06- Chemical Reactions

    • 12:43- Balancing a Chemical Equation

    • 14:09- Balancing a Chemical Equation Example: Solid Ammonium Dichromate

    • 18:48- Reaction Stoichiometry

    • 21:39- Remember: From Grams to Moles

    • 22:45- Stoichiometric Calculations: (NH4)Cr2O7

    • 29:52- Stoichiometric Calculations: Cisplatin

    • 38:13- And Now Fast...


  1. Limiting Reagents

    • 00:06- Limiting Reagents

    • 01:33- Previously...

    • 03:49- Stoichiometric Calculations

    • 07:13- When Does a Reaction Stop?

    • 09:30- Limiting Reagents

    • 11:27- Limiting Reagents- Examples

    • 13:30- Limiting Reagents: Identify the Limiting Reagent in a Mixture of MG and I2

    • 18:17- Determining Limiting Reagents

    • 20:30- Limiting Reagents Example: Ammonia and Oxygen

    • 32:05- More Examples

    • 39:20- Percent Yield

    • 41:49- More Examples


  1. Aqueous Solutions

    • 00:07- Aqueous Solutions

    • 01:35- Water: Universal Solvent

    • 03:00- Properties of Water Molecule

    • 06:38- Ionic Solutes

    • 10:39- Nonionic Solutes

    • 13:10- Strong and Weak Electrolytes

    • 14:59- Strong Electrolytes: Soluble Salts

    • 16:39- Strong Electrolytes: Strong Acids

    • 19:18- Strong Electrolytes: Strong Bases

    • 20:25- Weak Electrolytes: Weak Acids

    • 22:20- Weak Electrolytes: Weak Bases

    • 23:38- Nonelectrolytes

    • 24:57- Molarity

    • 26:14- Molarity- Example Problem: H3PO4

    • 28:21- Molarity- Example Problem: Co(NO3)2

    • 32:02- Molarity and Known Concentration

    • 38:27- Dilution

    • 40:40- Dilution Example Problem: Water Added to Acetic Acid

    • 42:38- Dilution Example Problem: Sulfuric Acid to H2SO4

    • 45:40- Dilution Example Problem: AgNO3 to Silver Nitrate


  1. Precipitation Reactions

    • 00:06- Precipitation Reactions

    • 00:24- Types of Chemical Reactions in Solution

    • 01:41- Precipitation Reactions

    • 03:58- Precipitation Reactions: Salts with a Low Solubility

    • 12:13- Precipitation Reactions Example Problem: Potassium Chromate and Barium Nitrate Solutions

    • 16:13- Precipitation Reactions Example Problem: Sliver Nitrate and Potassium Chloride Solutions

    • 19:42- Precipitation Reactions Example Problem: Potassium Iodide and Lead (III) Nitrate Solutions

    • 22:22- Types of Equations: Molecular Equation

    • 23:33- Types of Equations: Complete Ionic Equation

    • 25:28- Types of Equations: Net Ionic Equation

    • 26:37- Types of Equations Example: Aqueous Potassium Hydroxide and Aqueous Iron (III) Nitrate

    • 31:14- Types of Equations: Net Ionic Equation

    • 31:56- Stoichiometry of Precipitation Reactions


  1. Acid-Base Reactions

    • 00:06- Acid-Base Reactions

    • 01:37- Acids and Bases

    • 03:39- Acids and Bases, Slide 2

    • 05:12- Acids

    • 08:25- Bases

    • 10:29- Acid-Base Reactions: Hydrocholoric Acid and Potassium Hydroxide

    • 15:53- Acid-Base Reactions: H+ and OH-

    • 17:48- Acid-Base Reactions: Perchloric Acid and Magnesium Hydroxide

    • 24:03- Titrations

    • 25:22- Titrations: Neutralization Reaction

    • 26:41- Youtube Example: Titration

    • 28:06- Indicators

    • 28:49- Indicators, Slide 2

    • 29:52- Acid-Base Reactions: Neutralizing NaOH with HCl

    • 35:35- Acid-Base Reactions: Hydrochloric Acid Added to BA(OH)2


Required attribution: Brindley, Amanda General Chemistry 1A (UCI OpenCourseWare: University of California, Irvine), http://ocw.uci.edu/courses/chem_1a_ge.... [Accessed 11.1.2020]. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/b...) Website: http://open.uci.edu.


11. Quantum Theory:


12. Periodic Table:


13. Chemical Bonding:


14. Accuracy & Dimensional Analysis

    • 00:52- Accuracy and Dimensional Analysis

    • 01:11- Significance in Measurements

    • 01:58- Significance in Measurements- Precision and Accuracy

    • 03:21- Significance in Measurements- How Accurate is a Measurement?

    • 04:50- Tools: Significant Figures: Numbers that Matter

    • 08:12- Significant Figures: Mathematical operations

    • 12:34- Significant Figures: Rounding

    • 13:25- Significant Figures: Rounding Example

    • 15:45- Significant Figures: Examples

    • 19:47- Tools: Dimensional Analysis

    • 24:00- Length

    • 28:04- Volume

    • 29:10- Mass

    • 30:27- Example- Centigrams to Pounds

    • 33:08- Example: Square Femtometers in Square Attometers

    • 37:24- Example: Cubic Kilometers in Microliters


Interactive Simulations

This website provides a simulation that allows you to build various molecules to get and understanding of how molecular shapes change with different number of bonds and lone pair electrons, and how they compare to real molecules in 3D, by adding single, double or triple bonds and lone pairs to the central atom.




CHM 12 - General CHEMISTRY II

Videos

  1. Kinetics

Required attribution for the videos below: Arasasingham, Ramesh D. Ph.D. General Chemistry 1C (UCI OpenCourseWare: University of California, Irvine), http://ocw.uci.edu/courses/chem_1c_ge.... [Accessed August 1, 2020]. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/b...) Website: http://open.uci.edu

0:00:00 Change in Free Energy Review

0:01:40 Intro to Chemical Kinetics

0:06:43 Defining Chemical Kinetics

0:09:57 Reaction Rate

0:15:02 Example of Reaction Rate

0:24:41 Average Rate of Concentration vs Time

0:34:13 Example of NO Gas Reaction Rate

0:40:08 Relationship Between Reaction Rates

0:47:57 Forward/Reverse Reactions

0:00:00 Review on Rates

0:04:02 Kinetic Rate Laws

0:08:57 Example Using N2O5

0:15:53 Determining Rate Law and Order for Reaction

0:28:16 Determing Rate Expression and Value of the Constant

0:42:56 Measuring Rate of Chemical Reaction with Graphs

0:00:00 Integrated Rate Law Intro

0:02:48 First order Reaction for Integrated Rate Law

0:04:58 Half Life

0:10:22 Finding Rate Constant for First Order Reaction

0:18:05 Second Order Reaction

0:25:19 Finding Concentration if Given Initial Concentrations

0:31:06 Zero Order Reaction

0:40:47 Summary of Kinetic Reactions

0:43:49 Integrated Rate Laws for Reactions with More than One Reactant

0:00:00 Brief Review of Rate Law

0:03:07 Reaction Mechanism

0:10:00 Molecularity

0:15:39 Intermediates

0:18:21 Speed of reaction

0:21:59 Overall Reaction Example

0:32:00 Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium

0:36:54 Experimentally Measured Rate Law

0:44:26 Rate Law Example Given Experiment Concentrations

0:00:00 Experimentally Measured Rate Law Review

0:03:02 Factors that Affect a Rate

0:09:43 Reaction Profile

0:14:13 More on Collision Theory

0:21:12 Arrhenius Equation


Required attribution for videos below: Blake, Donald R. General Chemistry 1B (UCI OpenCourseWare: University of California, Irvine), http://ocw.uci.edu/courses/chem_1b_ge.... [Accessed August 1, 2020]. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/b...) Website: http://open.uci.edu.


  1. UCI Open Course Ware - Chemical Equilibrium


  1. UCI Open Course Ware - Concentration of Solutions & Colligative Properties

    • 0:00:10 Solutions

    • 0:02:21 Saturated Solution

    • 0:04:06 Solution Interactions

    • 0:05:17 "Like Dissolves Like"

    • 0:10:21 Solubility and Temperature

    • 0:15:21 Temperature and Solubility

    • 0:19:35 Pressure and Solubility of Gases

    • 0:23:11 What Happens When Pressure is Released

    • 0:29:37 Solubility of Gas in Liquid

    • 0:32:41 Concentration of Units

    • 0:39:47 Different Properties of Solutions

    • 0:40:15 Measures of Composition

    • 0:41:33 Molar Concentrations as Function of Temperature

    • 0:42:27 Molality of Solute

    • 0:46:49 Molality from Mole Fraction

    • 0:50:59 MOlarity to Molality

    • 0:57:41 Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions

    • 1:05:19 Vapor Pressure vs Mole Fraction Graph

    • 1:06:43 Vapor Pressure of Solutions

    • 1:07:51 Raoult's Law

    • 1:11:30 Boiling Point Elevation

    • 0:00:25 Boiling Point Elevation

    • 0:10:08 Freezing Point Depression

    • 0:16:43 Coligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions

    • 0:21:16 Molal Boiling Poin Elevation and Freezing Point Depression


Required attribution for the videos below: Arasasingham, Ramesh D. Ph.D. General Chemistry 1C (UCI OpenCourseWare: University of California, Irvine), http://ocw.uci.edu/courses/chem_1c_ge.... [Accessed August 1, 2020]. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/b...) Website: http://open.uci.edu.


  1. UCI Open Course Ware - Acid-Base Equilibria


  1. Precipitation Reaction, Solubility Equilibria

    • 0:14:33 Solubility Product

    • 0:22:24 "Insoluble" Salts

    • 0:26:26 Introducing Ksp

    • 0:35:50 Rules ofr Solubility in Water

    • 0:41:14 Solubility and Ksp

    • 0:00:00 Equilibria Review

    • 0:03:44 Calculating Ksp

    • 0:10:40 Precipitation of Solubility Product

    • 0:14:35 Complete Ion Equation

    • 0:26:40 Precipitation Reaction

    • 0:38:29 Calculating Concentration at Equilibrium

    • 0:46:47 Common Ion Effect

    • 0:00:00 Common Ion Effect Review

    • 0:01:45 Finding Solubility of Compound Given Ksp

    • 0:09:05 Effect of pH on Solubility

    • 0:16:52 Solubility of Metal Salts of the Conjugate Bases of Weak Acids

    • 0:20:05 Solubility of Metal Salts of the Conjugate Bases of Strong Acids

    • 0:23:32 Finding Solubility of Compound in Buffered Solution


  1. Electrochemistry, Oxidation & Reduction Reactions

    • 0:38:15 Electrochemistry

    • 0:42:52 Oxidation Reduction Reactions

    • 0:00:00 Oxidation Reduction Reaction Review

    • 0:02:55 Oxidation Numbers

    • 0:04:50 Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers

    • 0:10:13 Calculating Oxidation Number Example

    • 0:16:26 Redox Reactions

    • 0:17:10 Half Reactions

    • 0:23:09 Example of Redox Reactions

    • 0:37:58 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

    • 0:47:04 Challenging Redox Question

    • 0:00:00 Balancing Redox Reaction Review

    • 0:14:46 Balancing Redox Reaction in Acidic or Basic Solution

    • 0:19:07 Balancing Redox in Acidic Aqueous Solution

    • 0:23:46 Rules for Balancing in Acidic/Basic Aqueous Solution

    • 0:34:18 Example in Basic Aqueous Solution

    • 0:47:56 Example in Acidic Solution

    • 0:00:00 Review of Acidic/Basic Solutions

    • 0:01:58 Spontaneous Electrochemistry Reactions

    • 0:09:15 Galvanic (Voltaic) Cell

    • 0:14:43 Example Using Batteries

    • 0:21:53 Daniell Cell and Intro to Anode/Cathode

    • 0:36:11 Electrodes

    • 0:43:28 Shorthand notation for Cells

    • 0:00:00: Galvanic Cells/Daniel Cell Review

    • 0:04:54 Hydrogen Electrode

    • 0:07:54 Cell Notation Example

    • 0:19:40 Cell Potential, Voltage, Electromotive Force

    • 0:25:34 Cell Potential and Free Energy

    • 0:33:48 Reaction of N2 and H2

    • 0:38:45 If Reaction is under Standard Conditions

    • 0:48:10 Standard Reduction Potentials

    • 0:03:29 Review of Cell Potential

    • 0:06:06 Standard Reduction Potential of Standard Electrode

    • 0:13:15 Finding Cell Potential Example

    • 0:26:13 Significance of Standard Reduction Potentials

    • 0:38:02 Can Aqueous KMnO4 Oxidize Iron?

    • 0:44:49 Standard Potentials and Equilibrium Constants

    • 0:00:50 Ecell and K

    • 0:04:25 Calculate K for the Equilibrium...

    • 0:12:40 Nerst Equation

    • 0:17:47 Calculate Potential of Daniell Cell

    • 0:23:01 Galvanic Cell Review

    • 0:29:52 Electrolysis (Electrolytic Cell)

    • 0:42:52 Amounts of Products of Electrolysis


Interactive Simulations

This website provides an interactive simulation of electrochemical cells, involving various metal electrodes, where various cells may be created and the expected voltage of a cell is displayed - based on the Nernst Equation using reasonable approximations for activity coefficients and the assumption of zero junction potential across the sodium nitrate salt bridge. Cells may be constructed in order to solve problems presented at several levels of difficulty, using measured voltages and an abbreviated Table of Standard Reduction Potentials, included in the program. It requires you to have flash player allowed on your internet browser.



CHM 31 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

Open Course Ware or Open Educational Resources (OERs) or Website

Required attribution (for the lecture notes and recordings below):

King, Susan Ph.D. Organic Chemistry 51A (UCI OpenCourseWare: University of California, Irvine). Retrieved from http://ocw.uci.edu/courses/chem_51a_organic_chemistry.html. [Accessed 8/4/2020]. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. Website: http://open.uci.edu.


The lecture notes covers material related to:

      • Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

      • Organic Acids and Bases: pKa

      • Equilibria in Acid Base Reactions

      • The Relationship Between Structure and Acidity

      • Lewis Acid-Base Reactions


The lecture notes covers material related to:

        • Unbranched & Branched Alkanes

        • Alkyl Groups

        • Systematic (IUPAC) Nomenclature of Alkanes

        • Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes

        • Physical Properties of Alkanes

        • Conformations of Alkanes (ethane, butane, cycloalkanes)

        • Three factors contribute to ring strain


The lecture notes covers material related to:

        • Functional Groups

        • Intermolecular Forces

        • Physical properties

        • Functional Groups and Reactivity


The lecture notes covers material related to:

        • Stereoisomers

        • Enantiomers & Chirality, and Symmetry

        • Drawing Enantiomers

        • Properties of Enantiomers: Optical Activity

        • Configuration, Representation, and Nomenclature of Stereoisomers

        • Molecules with More than One Stereocenter


The lecture notes covers material related to:

      • General Features of Radical Reactions

      • Halogenation of Alkanes

      • Radical Substitution of Benzylic and Allylic Hydrogens

      • Stereochemistry of Radical Reactions

      • Radical Addition of HBr to an Alkene


The lecture notes covers material related to:

        • Writing Equations for Organic Reactions

        • Kinds of Organic Reactions

        • Reaction Mechanism

        • Bond Dissociation Energy

        • Thermodynamics and Kinetics

        • Energy Diagrams

        • Two factors govern the second term, the fraction with sufficient energy.

        • Rate Equations

        • Multistep Reactions and the Rate Limiting Step

        • Catalyst


The lecture notes covers material related to:

      • Nomenclature of Alkenes:

      • Physical Properties of Alkenes

      • Cis, Trans Isomerism in Cycloalkenes

      • Reactions of Alkenes: Electrophilic Addition

      • Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Alkenes

      • Markovnikov's rule

      • Stereochemistry of Electrophilic Addition of HX

      • Addition of Water to Alkenes

      • Addition of Bromine & Chlorine to Alkenes

      • Addition of Borane: Hydroboration/Oxidation

      • Reactions and Synthesis


The lecture notes covers material related to:

      • Nomenclature

      • Acidity of 1-Alkynes

      • Preparation of Alkynes

      • Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Alkynes


The lecture notes covers material related to:

        • Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides

        • Reactions of Alkyl Halides

        • Substitution, Nucleophilic, Bimolecular: The SN2 Reaction

        • Factors that Affect the Rate of the SN2 Reaction

        • Trends

        • The Effect of Solvent on the Rate of Reaction

        • Other common polar aprotic solvents

        • The Nature of the Leaving Group - SN2 Reaction

        • The Reversibility of an SN2 Reaction

        • Substitution, Nucleophilic, Unimolecular: The SN1 Reaction

        • Rate Law and Mechanism of SN1 Reaction

        • The factors that affect the rates of SN1 reactions

        • The Effect of Solvent on the Rate of Reaction

        • The Nature of the Leaving Group - SN1 Reaction

        • Benzylic Halides, Allylic Halides, Methoxymethyl Halides, Vinylic Halides, and Aryl Halides

        • Competing Mechanisms for Nucleophilic Substitution

        • Organic Synthesis


The lecture notes covers material related to:

        • Elimination Reactions

        • Alkenes: Structure and Stability

        • Relative Stabilities of Alkenes

        • The Mechanisms of Elimination

        • E2 mechanism (Bimolecular Elimination)

        • Rate Law and Mechanism of the E2 Mechanism

        • Competition Between SN1 vs. E1

        • Competition between SN2 vs. E2


The lecture notes covers material related to:

        • Nucleophilic Substitution: Review

        • Elimination Reactions

        • Alkenes: Structure and Stability

        • The Mechanisms of Elimination

        • E2 mechanism (Bimolecular Elimination)

        • E1 mechanism (Unimolecular Elimination)

        • Competition Between SN1 vs. E1


The lecture notes covers material related to:

        • Recognizing Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Compounds

        • Reduction Reactions

        • Oxidation Reactions

        • Oxidation of Alcohols

Click on the link to download the excel file, with links, organized by topics, for the lecture notes presented by King, Susan Ph.D. Organic Chemistry 51A (UCI OpenCourseWare: University of California, Irvine). Retrieved from http://ocw.uci.edu/courses/chem_51a_organic_chemistry.html. [Accessed on 8.4.2020]

Provides Organic Chemistry I & II. Tutorials, practice problems, and videos.

Videos

Structure and Bonding

  1. Hybridization - This video explains hybridization. sp1, sp2, sp3.

  2. Drawing chemical structures - This video tutorial shows you how to draw lewis structures, bond line structures and skeletal structures including condensed structural formulas. It also shows you how to draw the lewis structures of functional groups such as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, carboxylic acids, alcohols, ethers, esters, ketones, aldehyde.

  3. Bond line Structures - Bond line Structures. It explains condensed structures and structural Isomers.


Polar Covalent Bonds; Acids and Bases

  1. Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Bases - Defines acids and bases, helps identify the Bronsted-Lowry acid and base in a given acid-base reaction, the concept of acidity and the differences between strong and weak acids.

  2. Resonance - Long version OR Short version - This video shows you how to calculate the formal charge of an element in a compound.


Alkanes and their Stereochemistry

  1. Naming functional groups - You will learn about different aspects of molecular structure, including common functional groups and conformations.

  2. Identifying functional group - You will learn how to identify different functional groups in various compounds.

  3. Conformations of alkanes - This video explains staggered and eclipse conformations.

  4. Newman projections - This video explains the conformational analysis of enthane and butane.

  5. Examples of Newman projections - Examples of Newman projections and how to find the most stable one.

  6. Alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature I - This video explains how to name straight chain and cyclo alkane groups. Parent name and constituents.

  7. Alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature II - This video explains how to name straight chain and cyclo alkane groups. Parent name and constituents.

  8. Alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature III - This video explains how to name straight chain and cyclo alkane groups. Parent name and constituents.


Cycloalkanes and their Stereochemistry

  1. Naming cyclohexane and Cis-Trans Isomerism - This video tutorial explains how to name cycloalkanes with substituents and with cis and trans isomers. It covers examples such as cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, and cyclooctane, This video also discusses the nomenclature of bicyclic alkanes. It contains plenty of examples and practice problems.

  2. Chair and boat shapes for cyclohexane - The video shows how to draw the chair and boat conformations. The change in movement and moving from chair to boat.

  3. Stability of cyclohexane - This video explains how to analyze the stability of cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, and cyclohexane.

  4. Monosubstituted cyclohexane - This video explains where to put the H bonds and substituents.

  5. Disubstituted cyclohexane - This video explains how to draw chair conformations for disubstituted cyclohexane.

  6. Polysubstituted cyclohexane - This video explains how to draw the chair conformations for menthol.


Stereochemistry at their tetrahedral centers

  1. Introduction to chirality - This video explains in depth the concept of chirality. It explains the differences between chiral molecules and chiral atoms.

  2. Identifying chiral centers - This video explains how to determine which atoms in a molecule are chirality centers.

  3. Chiral vs achiral - This video uses 3-D modules and a mirror to explain chiral vs. achiral.

  4. Stereoisomers, enantiomers, and chirality centers - The definition of stereoisomers, enantiomers, and chirality centers. How to calculate the number of possible stereoisomers for a structure based on the number of chiral centers.

  5. Assigning R and S configuration - This page lists the rules to assign R and S configuration. It has a few examples to practice and a video explaining the steps


Alkenes and Alkynes

  1. Alkene Structure and Classification - This video explains the introduction to alkenes: geometry and rotation about the double bond and stability of differently substituted forms.

  2. Alkene Nomenclature - This video explains the rules for naming alkenes (molecules containing a carbon-carbon double bond).

  3. Cis-Trans Isomerism - This video explains how to assign cis-trans terminology to double bonds.

  4. E-Z System - How to use the E-Z system to assign configurations to double bonds.

  5. Alkene Stability - This video explains how increased substitution leads to more stable alkenes.

  6. Naming Alkenes - This video presents an example of how to name alkenes.

  7. cis-trans and E-Z alkenes - This videos presents an example of how to use the cis-trans and E-Z naming scheme for alkenes.

  8. Alkene Reactions - This unit presents videos related to the following:

  9. Alkyne Nomenclature - This video explains the rules for naming alkynes (molecules with a carbon-carbon triple bond).

  10. Alkyne acidity and Alkylation - This video explains how terminal alkynes can act as weak acids and react with alkyl halides, leading to their alkylation.

  11. Preparation of Alkynes

  12. Alkyne Reactions - This unit presents videos related to the following:

  13. Synthesis of Alkynes


Organic reactions

  1. Nucleophiles and electrophile - This video tutorial provides a basic introduction into nucleophiles and electrophiles.


Reactions of Alkyl Halides: Nucleophilic Substitutions and Eliminations

  1. Introduction to Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions - An introduction to what substitution reactions are.

  2. Substitution and Elimination Reactions - The video series presents how Sn1, Sn2, E1, and E2 reactions form the basis for understanding why certain products are more likely to form than others. You will learn about the reaction mechanisms, and how nucleophilicity and electrophilicity can be used to choose between different reaction pathways.


Practice, Practice, Practice!

This website provides a step-by-step guide to learning organic nomenclature. The website lists the topics covered in CHM 32, and allows you to review some basic rules and functional groups, and at the end of each section there are practice questions designed to test your knowledge on each topic.


"Reaction Explorer is an interactive system for learning and practicing reactions, syntheses and mechanisms in organic chemistry, with advanced support for the automatic generation of random problems, curved-arrow mechanism diagrams, and inquiry-based learning. "




CHM 32 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Open Course Ware or Open Educational Resources (OERs) or Website

Mass Spectroscopy

Mass Spectrometry - This provides the basic principle of how a mass spectrometer works.

The Mass Spectra of elements - This tells what information you can possibly get from the mass including mass number and isotopes.

Fragmentation Patterns in the Mass Spectra of Organic compounds - This page looks at how fragmentation patterns are formed when organic molecules are fed into a mass spectrometer, and how you can get information from the mass spectrum.

The molecular ion peak of the mass spectrometer - This page explains how to find the relative formula mass (relative molecular mass) of an organic compound from its mass spectrum. It also shows how high-resolution mass spectra can be used to find the molecular formula for a compound.

The M+1 Peak - This page explains how the M+1 peak in a mass spectrum can be used to estimate the number of carbon atoms in an organic compound.

The Mass Spectrum of Organic Compounds containing halogens - This page explains how the M+2 peak in a mass spectrum arises from the presence of chlorine or bromine atoms in an organic compound.

Introduction to Infrared Spectroscopy - This gives the fundamental understanding of the infrared spectrum.

Infrared Spectra for hydrocarbons - This video discusses how to identify hydrocarbons using the infrared spectrum.


Structural Determination- Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

What is C-13 NMR - This page describes what a C-13 NMR spectrum is and how it tells you useful things about the carbon atoms in organic molecules.

Introduction to proton NMR - This video introduces the proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectrum.

Nuclear shielding Proton NMR - This video explains nuclear shielding and how it determines the proton NMR signals.

Chemical equivalence (Proton NMR) - How to predict the number of signals in a proton NMR spectrum based on the number of non-equivalent hydrogens in a compound.

Spin-spin splitting (coupling) - This video explains how peaks in a proton NMR can get split into multiplets due to coupling with neighboring protons.

Multiplicity: n + 1 rule - This video explains how the n+1 rule is used to determine how many peaks to expect from spin-spin coupling.

Interpreting C-13 NMR - This page takes an introductory look at how you can get useful information from a C-13 NMR spectrum.

What is the proton NMR - This page describes what a proton NMR spectrum is and how it tells you useful things about the hydrogen atoms in organic molecules.

Introduction to interpreting proton NMR - This page describes how you interpret simple low resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. It assumes that you have already read the background page on NMR so that you understand what an NMR spectrum looks like and the use of the term "chemical shift"

Understanding H-NMR - This page describes how you interpret simple high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. It assumes that you have already read the background page on NMR so that you understand what an NMR spectrum looks like and the use of the term "chemical shift". It also assumes that you know how to interpret simple low-resolution spectra.

Introduction to the Electromagnetic Spectrum - This is a basic introduction to the electromagnetic spectrum.

Beer Lambert's law - This takes a brief look at the Beer-Lambert Law and explains the use of the terms absorbance and molar absorptivity relating to UV-visible absorption spectrometry.

Using UV- Visible absorption spectra - This explains how UV-visible absorption spectra can be used to help identify compounds and to measure the concentrations of coloured solutions.

Absorption in the visible region - This video explains the basics of the human perception of color.

Conjugation and Color - This video explains why extensively conjugated compounds absorb light in the visible region and thus have color.

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Required attribution (for the lecture notes and recordings below):

Required attribution: King, Susan.Chem 51B (UCI OpenCourseWare: University of California, Irvine). Retrieved from http://ocw.uci.edu/courses/chem_51b_organic_chemistry.html [Accessed on 8.4.2020]. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. Website: http://open.uci.edu.

Required attribution: King, Susan.Chem 51C (UCI OpenCourseWare: University of California, Irvine). Retrieved from http://ocw.uci.edu/courses/chem_51c_organic_chemistry.html. [Accessed on 8.4.2020]. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. Website: http://open.uci.edu.


The lecture notes covers material related to:

        • Nomenclature of Alcohols

        • Nomenclature of Ethers

        • Preparation of Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides

        • Elimination Reactions of Alcohols: Dehydration

        • Carbocation Rearrangement

        • Conversion of Alcohols to Alkyl Halides with H−X

        • Other Methods for Converting Alcohols into Alkyl Halides

        • Converting Alcohols into Sulfonate Esters

        • Substitution Reactions of Ethers

        • Reactions of Epoxides

        • Nucleophilic Ring Opening


The lecture notes covers material related to:

        • Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution

        • Aromatic Substitution with Carbocations as Electrophiles

        • Substituent Effects in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution

        • Additional Considerations Regarding Substituent Effects

        • Reactions of Substituents on Benzene

        • Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution via Addition/Elimination


The lecture notes covers material related to:

        • How do you interpret an IR spectrum?


The lecture notes covers material related to:

        • Relative Stabilities of Conjugated Dienes

        • Conformations of Conjugated Dienes

        • Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Isolated Dienes

        • Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Conjugated Dienes: 1,2 and 1,4 Addition

        • The Diels-Alder Reaction


The lecture notes covers material related to:

        • The Structure of Benzene

        • Aromaticity

        • Hückel’s Rule

        • Some Chemical Consequences of Aromaticity

        • Nomenclature


The lecture notes covers material related to:

        • Structure and Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids

        • Acidity of Carboxylic Acids

        • Preparation of Carboxylic Acids

        • Sulfonic Acids


The lecture notes covers material related to:

        • The Reactivity of Carbonyl Compounds

        • Irreversible Addition Reactions of Type 1 & Type 2 Carbonyls

        • Addition of Hydride Reagents

        • Addition of Carbon Nucleophiles: Organometallic Reagents

        • . Organometallic reagents are powerful nucleophiles

        • α, β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds

        • Protecting Groups in Synthesis

        • Designing Syntheses


The lecture notes covers material related to:

        • Reversible Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones

        • Summary of Addition Reactions of Aldehydes & Ketones:

        • Other Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones

        • Addition of a Phosphonium Ylide: The Wittig Reaction

        • More Nucleophilic Addition to α, β-Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones: Addition of Weak Nucleophiles


The lecture notes covers material related to:

        • Structure and Physical Properties

        • Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Type 2 Carbonyl Compounds: Acyl Substitution

        • Mechanism and Reactivity in Acyl Substitution Reactions

        • Reactions of Acyl Halides

        • Reactions of Anhydrides

        • Reactions of Esters

        • Reactions of Carboxylic Acids

        • Reactions of Amides

        • Reactions of Nitriles

        • Irreversible Addition Reactions of Type 2 Carbonyl Compounds


The lecture notes covers material related to:

        • Acidity of α-Hydrogens

        • Enolization of Carbonyl Compounds

        • Mechanism of Keto-Enol Tautomerization

        • Reactions at the α-Carbon

        • Base-Promoted Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones

        • Direct Alkylation of Enolate Ions

        • Alternatives to Direct Alkylation of Enolate Ions


This lecture covers the following topics:

        • Reaction of Enols & Enolates with Other Carbonyls

        • A UNIFIED LOOK AT CONDENSATION REACTIONS

        • Alkylation of the β-Carbon: The Michael Reaction

This lecture covers the following topics:

        • Acid and Base Properties of Amines

        • Acidity & Basicity of Aromatic Heterocycles

        • Preparation of Amines

        • Reaction of Amines

        • Use of Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution to Make Substituted Aniline Rings


Click on the link to download the excel file, with links, organized by topics, for the lecture notes presented by King, Susan Ph.D. Organic Chemistry 51B (UCI OpenCourseWare: University of California, Irvine). [Accessed on August 1, 2020]


Required attribution: King, Susan.Chem 51C (UCI OpenCourseWare: University of California, Irvine), http://ocw.uci.edu/courses/chem_51c_organic_chemistry.html. [Accessed on 8.4.2020]. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. Website: http://open.uci.edu.


Provides Organic Chemistry I & II. Tutorials, practice problems, and videos.

Videos

Khan Academy Videos

  1. Unit: Alcohols, ethers, epoxides, sulfides - The videos cover naming oxygen and sulfur containing compounds, their properties and reactions with alcohols, ethers, epoxides, thiols, and sulfides.

  2. Unit: Conjugated systems and pericyclic reactions - The videos cover the Diels-Alder reaction, which includes predicting the stereochemistry and regiochemistry of the product based on the diene and dienophile.

  3. Unit: Aromatic compounds - The videos cover the naming of benzene derivatives, stability of aromatic compounds, electrophilic aromatic substitution, and nucleophilic aromatic substitution.

  4. Unit: Aldehydes and ketones - The videos cover the nomenclature and reactions of aldehydes and ketones, and the use acetals as protecting groups.

  5. Unit: Carboxylic acids and derivatives - The videos cover the nomenclature of carboxylic acids, and carboxylic acid derivatives such as acid chlorides, amides, esters, and anhydrides.

  6. Unit: Alpha carbon chemistry - The videos cover the formation of enolate anions, and their use in Aldol condensations in the creation of other organic compounds.

  7. Unit: Amines - The videos cover the nomenclature of amines.


Practice, Practice, Practice!

This website provides a step-by-step guide to learning organic nomenclature. The website lists the topics covered in CHM 32, and allows you to review some basic rules and functional groups, and at the end of each section there are practice questions designed to test your knowledge on each topic.


CHEMISTRY LABORATORY TECHNIQUES

Textbooks or Laboratory Manuals

  1. Organic Chemistry Lab Techniques - Lisa Nichols , 2 nd Edition - “In this resource you will find theory and procedures on the main organic lab techniques (chromatography, crystallization, extraction, distillation) as well as general concepts on how to set up and heat apparatuses. All procedures are accompanied by step-by-step pictures, and graphics are heavily utilized throughout the resource.”


Videos

  1. MIT Open Course ware - Digital Lab Techniques - This is a list of videos related to the following laboratory techniques:


  1. NC State University Organic Teaching Lab Videos - This provides a list of videos related to the following laboratory techniques:

      • Thin Layer Chromatography

      • Liquid-Liquid Extraction

      • Vacuum Filtration setup

      • Infrared Spectroscopy

      • Peak areas in a gas chromatogram

      • Gas Chromatography


  1. University of Minnesota Organic Lab Techniques Videos - This provides a list of organic lab techniques videos which includes:

      • Steam Distillation

      • Refluxing the reaction

      • Fractional Distillation

      • Recrystallization

      • Gravity Filtration

      • Drying of organic liquids

      • Column Chromatography - Packing a column

      • Loading a sample on a column chromatography

      • How to prepare a meting point capillary tube

      • Tips for separatory funnel handling

      • Handling lab waste

Interactive Simulations

  1. Organic Chemistry Laboratory Tutorials Dr. Laurie S. Starkey, Cal Poly Pomona - Thin Layer Chromatography - This provides an interactive simulation of Thin Layer Chromatography, displaying the difference between the mobile and stationary phases.

  2. Organic Chemistry Laboratory Tutorials Dr. Laurie S. Starkey, Cal Poly Pomona -Liquid-Liquid Extraction - This provides an interactive simulation of Liquid-Liquid Extraction - extracting three times with ether.