CHEMISTRY COURSES
CHM 2 - INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY
CHM 11 - General CHEMISTRY I
Videos
Required attribution for the videos below: Potma, Eric General Chemistry 1P (UCI OpenCourseWare: University of California, Irvine), http://ocw.uci.edu/courses/chem_1p_pr.... [ Accessed August 1, 2020]. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/b...). Website: http://open.uci.edu.
- Atoms
02:18- Atoms
02:20- Particles
03:33- Atomic Theory
05:03- Dalton's Laws
09:40- Elementary Particles
13:40- Elementary Particles, Slide 2
16:40- Elementary Particles, Slide 3
17:45- The Nucleus
20:46- The Architecture of the Atom
22:25- Concept of Size
24:43- Concept of Size, Slide 2
25:36- Isotopes
28:05- Common Isotopes of Some Lighter Elements
29:41- Atomic Number
31:53- Atomic Mass
33:21- Atomic Mass- Average Atomic Mass
36:24- Atomic mass- What is the Average Mass of Other Elements?
38:24- Periodic Table
39:00- Origin of Elements
40:29- Beyond Helium
42:16- Heavier Elements
43:39- Element Abundance
44:02- Exotic Elements
44:52- Radioactivity
- Ions & Molecules
00:05- Ions and Molecules
00:59- Atoms and Isotopes- Periodic Table
03:11- Atoms and Isotopes
05:32- Ions
06:48- Elemental Ions
08:16- Common Names for Elemental Ions
10:51- What Charge Does the Ion Have?
13:02- Type II Cations
14:00- Ions
16:38- Examples
18:22- Polyatomic Ions
21:39- Ionic and Covalent Bonds
23:11- Ionic Compounds
25:02- Formula of Ionic Compounds
29:01- Molecules
31:41- Typical Molecular Compounds
32:42- Molecular Models
33:29- Molecule or Ionic Compound?
- Naming Compounds
00:05- Naming Compounds
00:58- Elements...
03:09- Bedtime Stories
03:29- From Elements to Compounds
04:50- What's in a Name?
06:55- Binary Ions- Naming Type I Binary Ions
09:21- Binary Ions- Naming Type II Binary Ions
05:15- Naming Compounds: Binary Ions
12:57- Binary Ions
16:13- Naming Compounds: Polyatomic Ions
17:27- Naming Compounds: Binary Covalent
20:51- Naming Compounds: Acids
23:09- Acids
25:14- Hydrates
27:48- Common Stinkers
30:55- Example
33:21- Example, Slide 2
- Mole and Molar Mass
00:06- Mole and Molar Mass
00:24- Midterm Results
04:34- Midterm Summary
08:02- Coversions
11:58- Naming Compounds
14:46- Moving On: Next Stop Chapter 3
15:20- Counting Atoms
18:00- Mole
20:36- Mole, Slide 2
24:19- Mole: Example, Titanium
26:59- Mole: Example, CO2
30:54- Molar Mass: From Atoms to Molecules
33:12- Molar Mass: Example 1
36:36- Molar Mass: Example 2
40:25- Molar Mass: Example 3
42:50- Molar Mass: Example 4
- Mass Percent
00:06- Mass Percent
03:42- Mass Percent
12:13- Empirical Formula
13:38- Empirical Formula Example :Ti and O
18:10- Calculating Empirical Formulas
19:24- Empirical Formula: Combustion Analysis of Hydrocarbons
23:52- Empirical Formula Example: Burning a Sample
27:49- Molecular Formula
30:01- Molecular Formula Example: CH
32:22- Empirical and Molecular Formulas
37:43- Calculating Molecular Formulas: Method 1
39:09- Shortcut
42:25- Calculating Molecular Formulas: Method 2
- Chemical Reactions
00:13- Chemical Reactions
00:37- So Far...
01:18- Molecules Interact
02:17- Chemical Reactions
03:26- Chemical Reactions: Antoine Lavoisier
04:04- Chemical Reactions: Combustion of Methane
06:26- Chemical Reactions: Balancing the Equation
08:14- Information in Chemical Equations
11:06- Chemical Reactions
12:43- Balancing a Chemical Equation
14:09- Balancing a Chemical Equation Example: Solid Ammonium Dichromate
18:48- Reaction Stoichiometry
21:39- Remember: From Grams to Moles
22:45- Stoichiometric Calculations: (NH4)Cr2O7
29:52- Stoichiometric Calculations: Cisplatin
38:13- And Now Fast...
- Limiting Reagents
00:06- Limiting Reagents
01:33- Previously...
03:49- Stoichiometric Calculations
07:13- When Does a Reaction Stop?
09:30- Limiting Reagents
11:27- Limiting Reagents- Examples
13:30- Limiting Reagents: Identify the Limiting Reagent in a Mixture of MG and I2
18:17- Determining Limiting Reagents
20:30- Limiting Reagents Example: Ammonia and Oxygen
32:05- More Examples
39:20- Percent Yield
41:49- More Examples
- Aqueous Solutions
00:07- Aqueous Solutions
01:35- Water: Universal Solvent
03:00- Properties of Water Molecule
06:38- Ionic Solutes
10:39- Nonionic Solutes
13:10- Strong and Weak Electrolytes
14:59- Strong Electrolytes: Soluble Salts
16:39- Strong Electrolytes: Strong Acids
19:18- Strong Electrolytes: Strong Bases
20:25- Weak Electrolytes: Weak Acids
22:20- Weak Electrolytes: Weak Bases
23:38- Nonelectrolytes
24:57- Molarity
26:14- Molarity- Example Problem: H3PO4
28:21- Molarity- Example Problem: Co(NO3)2
32:02- Molarity and Known Concentration
38:27- Dilution
40:40- Dilution Example Problem: Water Added to Acetic Acid
42:38- Dilution Example Problem: Sulfuric Acid to H2SO4
45:40- Dilution Example Problem: AgNO3 to Silver Nitrate
- Precipitation Reactions
00:06- Precipitation Reactions
00:24- Types of Chemical Reactions in Solution
01:41- Precipitation Reactions
03:58- Precipitation Reactions: Salts with a Low Solubility
12:13- Precipitation Reactions Example Problem: Potassium Chromate and Barium Nitrate Solutions
16:13- Precipitation Reactions Example Problem: Sliver Nitrate and Potassium Chloride Solutions
19:42- Precipitation Reactions Example Problem: Potassium Iodide and Lead (III) Nitrate Solutions
22:22- Types of Equations: Molecular Equation
23:33- Types of Equations: Complete Ionic Equation
25:28- Types of Equations: Net Ionic Equation
26:37- Types of Equations Example: Aqueous Potassium Hydroxide and Aqueous Iron (III) Nitrate
31:14- Types of Equations: Net Ionic Equation
31:56- Stoichiometry of Precipitation Reactions
- Acid-Base Reactions
00:06- Acid-Base Reactions
01:37- Acids and Bases
03:39- Acids and Bases, Slide 2
05:12- Acids
08:25- Bases
10:29- Acid-Base Reactions: Hydrocholoric Acid and Potassium Hydroxide
15:53- Acid-Base Reactions: H+ and OH-
17:48- Acid-Base Reactions: Perchloric Acid and Magnesium Hydroxide
24:03- Titrations
25:22- Titrations: Neutralization Reaction
26:41- Youtube Example: Titration
28:06- Indicators
28:49- Indicators, Slide 2
29:52- Acid-Base Reactions: Neutralizing NaOH with HCl
35:35- Acid-Base Reactions: Hydrochloric Acid Added to BA(OH)2
Required attribution: Brindley, Amanda General Chemistry 1A (UCI OpenCourseWare: University of California, Irvine), http://ocw.uci.edu/courses/chem_1a_ge.... [Accessed 11.1.2020]. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/b...) Website: http://open.uci.edu.
11. Quantum Theory:
12. Periodic Table:
13. Chemical Bonding:
0:01:57 Types of Bonds
0:04:30 Energy of Ionic Bond Formation
0:10:46 Lewis Dot Symbol
0:11:58 Ionic Bonds
0:14:50 Covalent Bonding: Molecular Compounds
0:16:04 General Lewis Structure Guidelines
0:19:11 Non-Octet Breaking Examples
0:32:48 Formal Charges
0:48:37 Breaking the Octet Rule
0:00:24 Polarizing Power and Covalent Character
0:02:36 Bond Strength and Lengths
0:03:38 Molecular Shape and Structure
0:05:29 VSEPR
0:10:40 Steric Number 2
0:12:20 Steric Number 3
0:16:19 Steric Number 4
0:21:44 Steric Number 5
0:32:31 Steric Number 6
0:38:42 Geometry Examples
0:00:12 VSEPR Geometry
0:10:11 Dipole Moment
0:19:35 XeF3Cl2
14. Accuracy & Dimensional Analysis
00:52- Accuracy and Dimensional Analysis
01:11- Significance in Measurements
01:58- Significance in Measurements- Precision and Accuracy
03:21- Significance in Measurements- How Accurate is a Measurement?
04:50- Tools: Significant Figures: Numbers that Matter
08:12- Significant Figures: Mathematical operations
12:34- Significant Figures: Rounding
13:25- Significant Figures: Rounding Example
15:45- Significant Figures: Examples
19:47- Tools: Dimensional Analysis
24:00- Length
28:04- Volume
29:10- Mass
30:27- Example- Centigrams to Pounds
33:08- Example: Square Femtometers in Square Attometers
37:24- Example: Cubic Kilometers in Microliters
Interactive Simulations
This website provides a simulation that allows you to build various molecules to get and understanding of how molecular shapes change with different number of bonds and lone pair electrons, and how they compare to real molecules in 3D, by adding single, double or triple bonds and lone pairs to the central atom.
CHM 12 - General CHEMISTRY II
Videos
- Kinetics
MIT Open Course Ware - Introduction to Reaction Kinetics.
MIT Open Course Ware - This is a lecture recording on reaction order and mechanisms.
UCI Open Course Ware:
Required attribution for the videos below: Arasasingham, Ramesh D. Ph.D. General Chemistry 1C (UCI OpenCourseWare: University of California, Irvine), http://ocw.uci.edu/courses/chem_1c_ge.... [Accessed August 1, 2020]. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/b...) Website: http://open.uci.edu
0:00:00 Change in Free Energy Review
0:01:40 Intro to Chemical Kinetics
0:06:43 Defining Chemical Kinetics
0:09:57 Reaction Rate
0:15:02 Example of Reaction Rate
0:24:41 Average Rate of Concentration vs Time
0:34:13 Example of NO Gas Reaction Rate
0:40:08 Relationship Between Reaction Rates
0:47:57 Forward/Reverse Reactions
0:00:00 Review on Rates
0:04:02 Kinetic Rate Laws
0:08:57 Example Using N2O5
0:15:53 Determining Rate Law and Order for Reaction
0:28:16 Determing Rate Expression and Value of the Constant
0:42:56 Measuring Rate of Chemical Reaction with Graphs
0:00:00 Integrated Rate Law Intro
0:02:48 First order Reaction for Integrated Rate Law
0:04:58 Half Life
0:10:22 Finding Rate Constant for First Order Reaction
0:18:05 Second Order Reaction
0:25:19 Finding Concentration if Given Initial Concentrations
0:31:06 Zero Order Reaction
0:40:47 Summary of Kinetic Reactions
0:43:49 Integrated Rate Laws for Reactions with More than One Reactant
0:00:00 Brief Review of Rate Law
0:03:07 Reaction Mechanism
0:10:00 Molecularity
0:15:39 Intermediates
0:18:21 Speed of reaction
0:21:59 Overall Reaction Example
0:32:00 Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium
0:36:54 Experimentally Measured Rate Law
0:44:26 Rate Law Example Given Experiment Concentrations
0:00:00 Experimentally Measured Rate Law Review
0:03:02 Factors that Affect a Rate
0:09:43 Reaction Profile
0:14:13 More on Collision Theory
0:21:12 Arrhenius Equation
Required attribution for videos below: Blake, Donald R. General Chemistry 1B (UCI OpenCourseWare: University of California, Irvine), http://ocw.uci.edu/courses/chem_1b_ge.... [Accessed August 1, 2020]. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/b...) Website: http://open.uci.edu.
- UCI Open Course Ware - Chemical Equilibrium
0:00:20 Equilibrium
0:01:38 Chemical Equilibrium
0:02:56 Concentration over Time
0:06:56 Equilibrium Constant
0:12:48 Reaction Quotient
0:15:31 Law of Mass Action
0:20:31 Chemical Equilibrium
0:29:03 What are Equilibrium Concentrations
0:00:28 Reaction Quotient
0:02:25 Writing Equilibrium Constants
0:09:55 Equilibrium Concentrations for the Reaction
0:16:54 Equilibrium Constant Kp
0:20:58 Free Energy vs Progress of Reaction
0:22:36 Equilibrium Constant and Free Energy
0:23:56 Equilibrium
0:24:40 Reaction Quotient
0:28:47 Equilibria Involving Condensed Phases
0:29:43 Vapor Color Intensity
0:31:21 Consider the Following Equilibrium...
0:36:52 Adding Equilibrium Reactions
0:41:40 Writing Equilibrium Constants
0:43:10 Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium
0:45:31 Summary of Concepts
0:00:26 Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
0:02:36 Equilibrium Vapor Pressure
0:08:37 At 1280 Degrees C the Equilibrium Constant...
0:18:37 Equilibrium Concentrations
0:25:07 Le Chatelier's Principle
0:31:27 Equilibrium - Effects of P, V, T, n
0:37:13 Le Chatelier's Principle
0:55:17 Concentration Effects
0:57:02 Temperature Effects
0:58:18 Free Energy: Equilibrium
1:08:54 Delta G and K
1:09:36 Free Energy and Temperature
- UCI Open Course Ware - Concentration of Solutions & Colligative Properties
0:00:10 Solutions
0:02:21 Saturated Solution
0:04:06 Solution Interactions
0:05:17 "Like Dissolves Like"
0:10:21 Solubility and Temperature
0:15:21 Temperature and Solubility
0:19:35 Pressure and Solubility of Gases
0:23:11 What Happens When Pressure is Released
0:29:37 Solubility of Gas in Liquid
0:32:41 Concentration of Units
0:39:47 Different Properties of Solutions
0:40:15 Measures of Composition
0:41:33 Molar Concentrations as Function of Temperature
0:42:27 Molality of Solute
0:46:49 Molality from Mole Fraction
0:50:59 MOlarity to Molality
0:57:41 Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions
1:05:19 Vapor Pressure vs Mole Fraction Graph
1:06:43 Vapor Pressure of Solutions
1:07:51 Raoult's Law
1:11:30 Boiling Point Elevation
0:00:25 Boiling Point Elevation
0:10:08 Freezing Point Depression
0:16:43 Coligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions
0:21:16 Molal Boiling Poin Elevation and Freezing Point Depression
Required attribution for the videos below: Arasasingham, Ramesh D. Ph.D. General Chemistry 1C (UCI OpenCourseWare: University of California, Irvine), http://ocw.uci.edu/courses/chem_1c_ge.... [Accessed August 1, 2020]. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/b...) Website: http://open.uci.edu.
- UCI Open Course Ware - Acid-Base Equilibria
0:01:58 Using Reverse Reactions and Limiting Reagents
0:05:17 Percent Decomposition
0:07:41 Acid Base Equilibria
0:10:14 Examples of Acids
0:16:58 Bronsted Lowry Definition
0:18:14 Example Using Water
0:26:33 Defining "Conjugate Acid"
0:30:26 Conjugate Acid Examples
0:32:59 Introducing Acid Dissociation
0:37:27 HCl and Water Example
0:41:24 NH2- in Water Example
0:02:02 Aqueous Acids/Bases
0:04:42 Determining which is Acid/Base/Ca/Cb
0:07:04 Autoionization of Water
0:21:06 Introducing "pH"
0:27:09 Finding COncentration from pH
0:30:59 pH and Concentration Relationship
0:42:32 Acid Equilibrium
0:01:31 pH Review
0:05:10 Determining if Solution is Acidic
0:06:52 Strong Acid Characteristics
0:08:22 Showing HCl as a Strong Acid
0:15:00 Percent Undissociated
0:18:51 Finding pOH
0:25:25 Weak Acids
0:27:22 CH5CO2H Example
0:38:24 Ka/pKa Table
0:47:25 Determine if Solution is Basic
0:48:49 Strong Bases
0:01:27 Weak Acids Dissociate Partially
0:06:18 Summary of Ka and Strength of Acid
0:12:00 Bases Overview
0:14:20 NH2- and Strong Base Example
0:20:23 Weak Base NH3 Example
0:37:55 Rankning COmpounds Based on Base Strength
0:47:46 Weak Acid/Base Equilibria
0:01:36 Summary of Bases
0:04:51 Review of Equilibria
0:13:03 Calculating pH of Solution
0:19:45 Polyprotic Acids
0:20:40 Monoprotic Acids
0:23:59 H2SO4 Example
0:33:21 h2CO3 Example
0:41:14 Finding Concentration of Polyprotic Acids
0:00:00 Review of Carbonic Acid Example
0:15:43 Hydrolysis
0:18:10 Acid Base Properties of Salt
0:39:00 Calculating pH of Salt
0:47:09 Arranging Compounds from Most Acidic to Most Basic
0:00:00 Putting Salt in Water Review
0:05:50 NaCl Example
0:09:41 Anion Possibilities
0:11:48 Calculating pH of NH4Cl
0:21:10 Acid in Water
0:27:06 Common Ion Effect
0:37:06 Calculating % Dissociation Common Ion Effect
0:00:00 Common Ion Effect Review
0:03:35 Buffered Solutions
0:09:20 Examples of Buffers
0:15:07 How Does a Buffer Work?
0:32:24 Calculating the pH of the Buffer
0:05:18 Identifying Buffers
0:11:20 Weak Acid and Salt Example
0:17:23 What Makes this a Buffer?
0:22:23 Calculating the pH of a Buffered Solution
0:27:22 Designing Buffers at Specific pH Values
0:44:34 Acid Base Titration Curves
0:00:00 Titrations Review
0:10:14 Types of Titration
0:11:47 Strong Acid added to Strong Base Titration
0:32:35 Strong Base added to Strong Acid Titration
0:46:21 Finding Volume of Excess OH-
0:00:00 Review on Strong Acid/Strong Base Titration
0:05:14 Weak Acid and Strong Base Titration
0:10:10 General Reaction
0:13:45 Titration Curves
0:19:04 Calculating pH before any Base is Added
0:31:29 pH at Equivalence Point
0:38:46 pH of a Weak Base
0:44:55 Titration Curve Concept
- Precipitation Reaction, Solubility Equilibria
0:14:33 Solubility Product
0:22:24 "Insoluble" Salts
0:26:26 Introducing Ksp
0:35:50 Rules ofr Solubility in Water
0:41:14 Solubility and Ksp
0:00:00 Equilibria Review
0:03:44 Calculating Ksp
0:10:40 Precipitation of Solubility Product
0:14:35 Complete Ion Equation
0:26:40 Precipitation Reaction
0:38:29 Calculating Concentration at Equilibrium
0:46:47 Common Ion Effect
0:00:00 Common Ion Effect Review
0:01:45 Finding Solubility of Compound Given Ksp
0:09:05 Effect of pH on Solubility
0:16:52 Solubility of Metal Salts of the Conjugate Bases of Weak Acids
0:20:05 Solubility of Metal Salts of the Conjugate Bases of Strong Acids
0:23:32 Finding Solubility of Compound in Buffered Solution
- Electrochemistry, Oxidation & Reduction Reactions
0:38:15 Electrochemistry
0:42:52 Oxidation Reduction Reactions
0:00:00 Oxidation Reduction Reaction Review
0:02:55 Oxidation Numbers
0:04:50 Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers
0:10:13 Calculating Oxidation Number Example
0:16:26 Redox Reactions
0:17:10 Half Reactions
0:23:09 Example of Redox Reactions
0:37:58 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
0:47:04 Challenging Redox Question
0:00:00 Balancing Redox Reaction Review
0:14:46 Balancing Redox Reaction in Acidic or Basic Solution
0:19:07 Balancing Redox in Acidic Aqueous Solution
0:23:46 Rules for Balancing in Acidic/Basic Aqueous Solution
0:34:18 Example in Basic Aqueous Solution
0:47:56 Example in Acidic Solution
0:00:00 Review of Acidic/Basic Solutions
0:01:58 Spontaneous Electrochemistry Reactions
0:09:15 Galvanic (Voltaic) Cell
0:14:43 Example Using Batteries
0:21:53 Daniell Cell and Intro to Anode/Cathode
0:36:11 Electrodes
0:43:28 Shorthand notation for Cells
0:00:00: Galvanic Cells/Daniel Cell Review
0:04:54 Hydrogen Electrode
0:07:54 Cell Notation Example
0:19:40 Cell Potential, Voltage, Electromotive Force
0:25:34 Cell Potential and Free Energy
0:33:48 Reaction of N2 and H2
0:38:45 If Reaction is under Standard Conditions
0:48:10 Standard Reduction Potentials
0:03:29 Review of Cell Potential
0:06:06 Standard Reduction Potential of Standard Electrode
0:13:15 Finding Cell Potential Example
0:26:13 Significance of Standard Reduction Potentials
0:38:02 Can Aqueous KMnO4 Oxidize Iron?
0:44:49 Standard Potentials and Equilibrium Constants
0:00:50 Ecell and K
0:04:25 Calculate K for the Equilibrium...
0:12:40 Nerst Equation
0:17:47 Calculate Potential of Daniell Cell
0:23:01 Galvanic Cell Review
0:29:52 Electrolysis (Electrolytic Cell)
0:42:52 Amounts of Products of Electrolysis
Interactive Simulations
This website provides an interactive simulation of electrochemical cells, involving various metal electrodes, where various cells may be created and the expected voltage of a cell is displayed - based on the Nernst Equation using reasonable approximations for activity coefficients and the assumption of zero junction potential across the sodium nitrate salt bridge. Cells may be constructed in order to solve problems presented at several levels of difficulty, using measured voltages and an abbreviated Table of Standard Reduction Potentials, included in the program. It requires you to have flash player allowed on your internet browser.
CHM 31 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I
Open Course Ware or Open Educational Resources (OERs) or Website
Required attribution (for the lecture notes and recordings below):
King, Susan Ph.D. Organic Chemistry 51A (UCI OpenCourseWare: University of California, Irvine). Retrieved from http://ocw.uci.edu/courses/chem_51a_organic_chemistry.html. [Accessed 8/4/2020]. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. Website: http://open.uci.edu.
The lecture notes covers material related to:
Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
Organic Acids and Bases: pKa
Equilibria in Acid Base Reactions
The Relationship Between Structure and Acidity
Lewis Acid-Base Reactions
The lecture notes covers material related to:
Unbranched & Branched Alkanes
Alkyl Groups
Systematic (IUPAC) Nomenclature of Alkanes
Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes
Physical Properties of Alkanes
Conformations of Alkanes (ethane, butane, cycloalkanes)
Three factors contribute to ring strain
The lecture notes covers material related to:
Functional Groups
Intermolecular Forces
Physical properties
Functional Groups and Reactivity
The lecture notes covers material related to:
Stereoisomers
Enantiomers & Chirality, and Symmetry
Drawing Enantiomers
Properties of Enantiomers: Optical Activity
Configuration, Representation, and Nomenclature of Stereoisomers
Molecules with More than One Stereocenter
The lecture notes covers material related to:
General Features of Radical Reactions
Halogenation of Alkanes
Radical Substitution of Benzylic and Allylic Hydrogens
Stereochemistry of Radical Reactions
Radical Addition of HBr to an Alkene
The lecture notes covers material related to:
Writing Equations for Organic Reactions
Kinds of Organic Reactions
Reaction Mechanism
Bond Dissociation Energy
Thermodynamics and Kinetics
Energy Diagrams
Two factors govern the second term, the fraction with sufficient energy.
Rate Equations
Multistep Reactions and the Rate Limiting Step
Catalyst
The lecture notes covers material related to:
Nomenclature of Alkenes:
Physical Properties of Alkenes
Cis, Trans Isomerism in Cycloalkenes
Reactions of Alkenes: Electrophilic Addition
Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Alkenes
Markovnikov's rule
Stereochemistry of Electrophilic Addition of HX
Addition of Water to Alkenes
Addition of Bromine & Chlorine to Alkenes
Addition of Borane: Hydroboration/Oxidation
Reactions and Synthesis
The lecture notes covers material related to:
Nomenclature
Acidity of 1-Alkynes
Preparation of Alkynes
Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Alkynes
The lecture notes covers material related to:
Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides
Reactions of Alkyl Halides
Substitution, Nucleophilic, Bimolecular: The SN2 Reaction
Factors that Affect the Rate of the SN2 Reaction
Trends
The Effect of Solvent on the Rate of Reaction
Other common polar aprotic solvents
The Nature of the Leaving Group - SN2 Reaction
The Reversibility of an SN2 Reaction
Substitution, Nucleophilic, Unimolecular: The SN1 Reaction
Rate Law and Mechanism of SN1 Reaction
The factors that affect the rates of SN1 reactions
The Effect of Solvent on the Rate of Reaction
The Nature of the Leaving Group - SN1 Reaction
Benzylic Halides, Allylic Halides, Methoxymethyl Halides, Vinylic Halides, and Aryl Halides
Competing Mechanisms for Nucleophilic Substitution
Organic Synthesis
The lecture notes covers material related to:
Elimination Reactions
Alkenes: Structure and Stability
Relative Stabilities of Alkenes
The Mechanisms of Elimination
E2 mechanism (Bimolecular Elimination)
Rate Law and Mechanism of the E2 Mechanism
Competition Between SN1 vs. E1
Competition between SN2 vs. E2
The lecture notes covers material related to:
Nucleophilic Substitution: Review
Elimination Reactions
Alkenes: Structure and Stability
The Mechanisms of Elimination
E2 mechanism (Bimolecular Elimination)
E1 mechanism (Unimolecular Elimination)
Competition Between SN1 vs. E1
The lecture notes covers material related to:
Recognizing Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Compounds
Reduction Reactions
Oxidation Reactions
Oxidation of Alcohols
Click on the link to download the excel file, with links, organized by topics, for the lecture notes presented by King, Susan Ph.D. Organic Chemistry 51A (UCI OpenCourseWare: University of California, Irvine). Retrieved from http://ocw.uci.edu/courses/chem_51a_organic_chemistry.html. [Accessed on 8.4.2020]
Provides Organic Chemistry I & II. Tutorials, practice problems, and videos.
Videos
Structure and Bonding
Hybridization - This video explains hybridization. sp1, sp2, sp3.
Drawing chemical structures - This video tutorial shows you how to draw lewis structures, bond line structures and skeletal structures including condensed structural formulas. It also shows you how to draw the lewis structures of functional groups such as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, carboxylic acids, alcohols, ethers, esters, ketones, aldehyde.
Bond line Structures - Bond line Structures. It explains condensed structures and structural Isomers.
Polar Covalent Bonds; Acids and Bases
Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Bases - Defines acids and bases, helps identify the Bronsted-Lowry acid and base in a given acid-base reaction, the concept of acidity and the differences between strong and weak acids.
Resonance - Long version OR Short version - This video shows you how to calculate the formal charge of an element in a compound.
Alkanes and their Stereochemistry
Naming functional groups - You will learn about different aspects of molecular structure, including common functional groups and conformations.
Identifying functional group - You will learn how to identify different functional groups in various compounds.
Conformations of alkanes - This video explains staggered and eclipse conformations.
Newman projections - This video explains the conformational analysis of enthane and butane.
Examples of Newman projections - Examples of Newman projections and how to find the most stable one.
Alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature I - This video explains how to name straight chain and cyclo alkane groups. Parent name and constituents.
Alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature II - This video explains how to name straight chain and cyclo alkane groups. Parent name and constituents.
Alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature III - This video explains how to name straight chain and cyclo alkane groups. Parent name and constituents.
Cycloalkanes and their Stereochemistry
Naming cyclohexane and Cis-Trans Isomerism - This video tutorial explains how to name cycloalkanes with substituents and with cis and trans isomers. It covers examples such as cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, and cyclooctane, This video also discusses the nomenclature of bicyclic alkanes. It contains plenty of examples and practice problems.
Chair and boat shapes for cyclohexane - The video shows how to draw the chair and boat conformations. The change in movement and moving from chair to boat.
Stability of cyclohexane - This video explains how to analyze the stability of cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, and cyclohexane.
Monosubstituted cyclohexane - This video explains where to put the H bonds and substituents.
Disubstituted cyclohexane - This video explains how to draw chair conformations for disubstituted cyclohexane.
Polysubstituted cyclohexane - This video explains how to draw the chair conformations for menthol.
Stereochemistry at their tetrahedral centers
Introduction to chirality - This video explains in depth the concept of chirality. It explains the differences between chiral molecules and chiral atoms.
Identifying chiral centers - This video explains how to determine which atoms in a molecule are chirality centers.
Chiral vs achiral - This video uses 3-D modules and a mirror to explain chiral vs. achiral.
Stereoisomers, enantiomers, and chirality centers - The definition of stereoisomers, enantiomers, and chirality centers. How to calculate the number of possible stereoisomers for a structure based on the number of chiral centers.
Assigning R and S configuration - This page lists the rules to assign R and S configuration. It has a few examples to practice and a video explaining the steps
Alkenes and Alkynes
Alkene Structure and Classification - This video explains the introduction to alkenes: geometry and rotation about the double bond and stability of differently substituted forms.
Alkene Nomenclature - This video explains the rules for naming alkenes (molecules containing a carbon-carbon double bond).
Cis-Trans Isomerism - This video explains how to assign cis-trans terminology to double bonds.
E-Z System - How to use the E-Z system to assign configurations to double bonds.
Alkene Stability - This video explains how increased substitution leads to more stable alkenes.
Naming Alkenes - This video presents an example of how to name alkenes.
cis-trans and E-Z alkenes - This videos presents an example of how to use the cis-trans and E-Z naming scheme for alkenes.
Alkene Reactions - This unit presents videos related to the following:
Alkyne Nomenclature - This video explains the rules for naming alkynes (molecules with a carbon-carbon triple bond).
Alkyne acidity and Alkylation - This video explains how terminal alkynes can act as weak acids and react with alkyl halides, leading to their alkylation.
Alkyne Reactions - This unit presents videos related to the following:
Organic reactions
Nucleophiles and electrophile - This video tutorial provides a basic introduction into nucleophiles and electrophiles.
Reactions of Alkyl Halides: Nucleophilic Substitutions and Eliminations
Introduction to Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions - An introduction to what substitution reactions are.
Substitution and Elimination Reactions - The video series presents how Sn1, Sn2, E1, and E2 reactions form the basis for understanding why certain products are more likely to form than others. You will learn about the reaction mechanisms, and how nucleophilicity and electrophilicity can be used to choose between different reaction pathways.
Practice, Practice, Practice!
This website provides a step-by-step guide to learning organic nomenclature. The website lists the topics covered in CHM 32, and allows you to review some basic rules and functional groups, and at the end of each section there are practice questions designed to test your knowledge on each topic.
"Reaction Explorer is an interactive system for learning and practicing reactions, syntheses and mechanisms in organic chemistry, with advanced support for the automatic generation of random problems, curved-arrow mechanism diagrams, and inquiry-based learning. "
CHM 32 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II
Open Course Ware or Open Educational Resources (OERs) or Website
Mass Spectroscopy
Mass Spectrometry - This provides the basic principle of how a mass spectrometer works.
The Mass Spectra of elements - This tells what information you can possibly get from the mass including mass number and isotopes.
Fragmentation Patterns in the Mass Spectra of Organic compounds - This page looks at how fragmentation patterns are formed when organic molecules are fed into a mass spectrometer, and how you can get information from the mass spectrum.
The molecular ion peak of the mass spectrometer - This page explains how to find the relative formula mass (relative molecular mass) of an organic compound from its mass spectrum. It also shows how high-resolution mass spectra can be used to find the molecular formula for a compound.
The M+1 Peak - This page explains how the M+1 peak in a mass spectrum can be used to estimate the number of carbon atoms in an organic compound.
The Mass Spectrum of Organic Compounds containing halogens - This page explains how the M+2 peak in a mass spectrum arises from the presence of chlorine or bromine atoms in an organic compound.
Introduction to Infrared Spectroscopy - This gives the fundamental understanding of the infrared spectrum.
Infrared Spectra for hydrocarbons - This video discusses how to identify hydrocarbons using the infrared spectrum.
Structural Determination- Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
What is C-13 NMR - This page describes what a C-13 NMR spectrum is and how it tells you useful things about the carbon atoms in organic molecules.
Introduction to proton NMR - This video introduces the proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectrum.
Nuclear shielding Proton NMR - This video explains nuclear shielding and how it determines the proton NMR signals.
Chemical equivalence (Proton NMR) - How to predict the number of signals in a proton NMR spectrum based on the number of non-equivalent hydrogens in a compound.
Spin-spin splitting (coupling) - This video explains how peaks in a proton NMR can get split into multiplets due to coupling with neighboring protons.
Multiplicity: n + 1 rule - This video explains how the n+1 rule is used to determine how many peaks to expect from spin-spin coupling.
Interpreting C-13 NMR - This page takes an introductory look at how you can get useful information from a C-13 NMR spectrum.
What is the proton NMR - This page describes what a proton NMR spectrum is and how it tells you useful things about the hydrogen atoms in organic molecules.
Introduction to interpreting proton NMR - This page describes how you interpret simple low resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. It assumes that you have already read the background page on NMR so that you understand what an NMR spectrum looks like and the use of the term "chemical shift"
Understanding H-NMR - This page describes how you interpret simple high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. It assumes that you have already read the background page on NMR so that you understand what an NMR spectrum looks like and the use of the term "chemical shift". It also assumes that you know how to interpret simple low-resolution spectra.
Introduction to the Electromagnetic Spectrum - This is a basic introduction to the electromagnetic spectrum.
Beer Lambert's law - This takes a brief look at the Beer-Lambert Law and explains the use of the terms absorbance and molar absorptivity relating to UV-visible absorption spectrometry.
Using UV- Visible absorption spectra - This explains how UV-visible absorption spectra can be used to help identify compounds and to measure the concentrations of coloured solutions.
Absorption in the visible region - This video explains the basics of the human perception of color.
Conjugation and Color - This video explains why extensively conjugated compounds absorb light in the visible region and thus have color.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Required attribution (for the lecture notes and recordings below):
Required attribution: King, Susan.Chem 51B (UCI OpenCourseWare: University of California, Irvine). Retrieved from http://ocw.uci.edu/courses/chem_51b_organic_chemistry.html [Accessed on 8.4.2020]. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. Website: http://open.uci.edu.
Required attribution: King, Susan.Chem 51C (UCI OpenCourseWare: University of California, Irvine). Retrieved from http://ocw.uci.edu/courses/chem_51c_organic_chemistry.html. [Accessed on 8.4.2020]. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. Website: http://open.uci.edu.
The lecture notes covers material related to:
Nomenclature of Alcohols
Nomenclature of Ethers
Preparation of Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides
Elimination Reactions of Alcohols: Dehydration
Carbocation Rearrangement
Conversion of Alcohols to Alkyl Halides with H−X
Other Methods for Converting Alcohols into Alkyl Halides
Converting Alcohols into Sulfonate Esters
Substitution Reactions of Ethers
Reactions of Epoxides
Nucleophilic Ring Opening
The lecture notes covers material related to:
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Aromatic Substitution with Carbocations as Electrophiles
Substituent Effects in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Additional Considerations Regarding Substituent Effects
Reactions of Substituents on Benzene
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution via Addition/Elimination
The lecture notes covers material related to:
How do you interpret an IR spectrum?
The lecture notes covers material related to:
Relative Stabilities of Conjugated Dienes
Conformations of Conjugated Dienes
Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Isolated Dienes
Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Conjugated Dienes: 1,2 and 1,4 Addition
The Diels-Alder Reaction
The lecture notes covers material related to:
The Structure of Benzene
Aromaticity
Hückel’s Rule
Some Chemical Consequences of Aromaticity
Nomenclature
The lecture notes covers material related to:
Structure and Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
Sulfonic Acids
The lecture notes covers material related to:
The Reactivity of Carbonyl Compounds
Irreversible Addition Reactions of Type 1 & Type 2 Carbonyls
Addition of Hydride Reagents
Addition of Carbon Nucleophiles: Organometallic Reagents
. Organometallic reagents are powerful nucleophiles
α, β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds
Protecting Groups in Synthesis
Designing Syntheses
The lecture notes covers material related to:
Reversible Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
Summary of Addition Reactions of Aldehydes & Ketones:
Other Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
Addition of a Phosphonium Ylide: The Wittig Reaction
More Nucleophilic Addition to α, β-Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones: Addition of Weak Nucleophiles
The lecture notes covers material related to:
Structure and Physical Properties
Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Type 2 Carbonyl Compounds: Acyl Substitution
Mechanism and Reactivity in Acyl Substitution Reactions
Reactions of Acyl Halides
Reactions of Anhydrides
Reactions of Esters
Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
Reactions of Amides
Reactions of Nitriles
Irreversible Addition Reactions of Type 2 Carbonyl Compounds
The lecture notes covers material related to:
Acidity of α-Hydrogens
Enolization of Carbonyl Compounds
Mechanism of Keto-Enol Tautomerization
Reactions at the α-Carbon
Base-Promoted Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones
Direct Alkylation of Enolate Ions
Alternatives to Direct Alkylation of Enolate Ions
This lecture covers the following topics:
Reaction of Enols & Enolates with Other Carbonyls
A UNIFIED LOOK AT CONDENSATION REACTIONS
Alkylation of the β-Carbon: The Michael Reaction
This lecture covers the following topics:
Acid and Base Properties of Amines
Acidity & Basicity of Aromatic Heterocycles
Preparation of Amines
Reaction of Amines
Use of Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution to Make Substituted Aniline Rings
Click on the link to download the excel file, with links, organized by topics, for the lecture notes presented by King, Susan Ph.D. Organic Chemistry 51B (UCI OpenCourseWare: University of California, Irvine). [Accessed on August 1, 2020]
Required attribution: King, Susan.Chem 51C (UCI OpenCourseWare: University of California, Irvine), http://ocw.uci.edu/courses/chem_51c_organic_chemistry.html. [Accessed on 8.4.2020]. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. Website: http://open.uci.edu.
Provides Organic Chemistry I & II. Tutorials, practice problems, and videos.
Videos
Khan Academy Videos
Unit: Alcohols, ethers, epoxides, sulfides - The videos cover naming oxygen and sulfur containing compounds, their properties and reactions with alcohols, ethers, epoxides, thiols, and sulfides.
Unit: Conjugated systems and pericyclic reactions - The videos cover the Diels-Alder reaction, which includes predicting the stereochemistry and regiochemistry of the product based on the diene and dienophile.
Unit: Aromatic compounds - The videos cover the naming of benzene derivatives, stability of aromatic compounds, electrophilic aromatic substitution, and nucleophilic aromatic substitution.
Unit: Aldehydes and ketones - The videos cover the nomenclature and reactions of aldehydes and ketones, and the use acetals as protecting groups.
Unit: Carboxylic acids and derivatives - The videos cover the nomenclature of carboxylic acids, and carboxylic acid derivatives such as acid chlorides, amides, esters, and anhydrides.
Unit: Alpha carbon chemistry - The videos cover the formation of enolate anions, and their use in Aldol condensations in the creation of other organic compounds.
Unit: Amines - The videos cover the nomenclature of amines.
Practice, Practice, Practice!
This website provides a step-by-step guide to learning organic nomenclature. The website lists the topics covered in CHM 32, and allows you to review some basic rules and functional groups, and at the end of each section there are practice questions designed to test your knowledge on each topic.
CHEMISTRY LABORATORY TECHNIQUES
Textbooks or Laboratory Manuals
Organic Chemistry Lab Techniques - Lisa Nichols , 2 nd Edition - “In this resource you will find theory and procedures on the main organic lab techniques (chromatography, crystallization, extraction, distillation) as well as general concepts on how to set up and heat apparatuses. All procedures are accompanied by step-by-step pictures, and graphics are heavily utilized throughout the resource.”
Videos
MIT Open Course ware - Digital Lab Techniques - This is a list of videos related to the following laboratory techniques:
NC State University Organic Teaching Lab Videos - This provides a list of videos related to the following laboratory techniques:
Thin Layer Chromatography
Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Vacuum Filtration setup
Infrared Spectroscopy
Peak areas in a gas chromatogram
Gas Chromatography
University of Minnesota Organic Lab Techniques Videos - This provides a list of organic lab techniques videos which includes:
Steam Distillation
Refluxing the reaction
Fractional Distillation
Recrystallization
Gravity Filtration
Drying of organic liquids
Column Chromatography - Packing a column
Loading a sample on a column chromatography
How to prepare a meting point capillary tube
Tips for separatory funnel handling
Handling lab waste
Interactive Simulations
Organic Chemistry Laboratory Tutorials Dr. Laurie S. Starkey, Cal Poly Pomona - Thin Layer Chromatography - This provides an interactive simulation of Thin Layer Chromatography, displaying the difference between the mobile and stationary phases.
Organic Chemistry Laboratory Tutorials Dr. Laurie S. Starkey, Cal Poly Pomona -Liquid-Liquid Extraction - This provides an interactive simulation of Liquid-Liquid Extraction - extracting three times with ether.