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Ordinary Portland cement

This cement, also called the basic Portland cement, is ideal for use in common concrete structures that are not exposed to sulfate in soil or groundwater.

This cement is by far the largest produced than any other cement. It is manufactured by grinding Portland clinker, which may add up to 1% air entrainer with a small amount of gypsum, water, or both. This very useful type of cement.

Portland Pozzolana Cement

Portland Pozzolana Cement is prepared by grinding clinker and Pozzolana or blending Portland cement with fine Pozzolana. The proportion of Pozzolana varies between 10% and 25% of the weight of cement.

PPC cement is suitable for the following conditions: It is also used for waterfront structures or offshore structures like dams, piers, thick foundations where mass concrete is used, sanitation systems such as sewers.

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Rapid Hardening Portland Cement

Cement is made by intimately mixing calcareous and clayey and/or other silica, alumina, or iron oxide containing materials.

This cement has the same chemical composition as regular Portland cement, but is more finely ground. Its 24-hour strength is about the same as that achieved with normal Portland cement after 3 days. This cement allows for early removal of the shutter, which directly impacts time and cost savings.

Extra Rapid Hardening Cement

Extra rapid hardening cement is a suitable modification of quick-hardening cement. Manufactured by grinding calcium chloride with fast-setting Portland cement. Calcium chloride is usually mixed with 2% by weight of quick-setting cement. Since ultra-rapid cement is very sensitive, the concrete should be placed after transportation, placed, compressed and finished within 20 minutes after mixing. After the addition of water, a very large amount of heat is generated in a short period of time with hydration. Therefore, this type of cement is ideal for concrete in cold climates.

Portland Slag Cement

In Portland Slag Cement, blast furnace slag is a non-metal product consisting essentially of glass-containing silicates and lime aluminosilicates and other bases, which are developed simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace or an electric pig iron furnace. Grinded granular slag is obtained by further processing the molten slag by rapid cooling or quenching with water or steam and air.

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Hydrophobic Cement

Hydrophobic cements are prepared from regular Portland cement clinker by adding certain water repellent chemicals during the grinding process. A water-repellent coating is formed on each particle of cement to prevent water and moisture from the air from being absorbed by the cement. This film breaks during concrete mixing and the normal hydration process works just like normal Portland cement.

Sulfate Resistant Cement

Since normal Portland cement is susceptible to sulphate, sulphate resistant cements were developed for use where the soil is sulphate infected.

In the case of cement due to sulphate attack at O.P.C., it can expand in the concrete frame, with cracks and subsequent fracture.

Many studies have found that cements with lower C3A content give better results in order to reduce the attack by sulfates. Sulfate resistant cement has a high silicate content and low C3A and C4AF.

Quick Setting Cement

Quick setting cement sets very quickly. This cement is used for aggressive basic conditions, such as where pumping is required or underwater land.

Fast-setting cement achieves fast-setting by reducing the gypsum content when crushing clinker. Quick setting cement is also used in some typical pouring operations.

High Alumina Cement

This cement is obtained by grinding a high-alumina clinker consisting of monocalcium aluminate. High-alumina cement clinker is a selected mixture of materials containing mainly alumina (Al2O3) and lime (CaO), either fully or partially with a low proportion of iron oxide, silica (SiO2), and other oxides. Obtained by melting. High initial strength, high heat of hydration, and very high resistance to chemical attack are characteristics of high alumina cement. It is black in color. Its rapid hardening properties are due to the high proportion of calcium aluminate in place of the calcium silicate found in normal Portland cement.

Super sulfated Cement

It is a hydraulic cement with less than 5% sulfuric acid (SO3) content and grinds a mixture of at least 7% blast furnace granulated slag, calcium sulphate and a small amount of lime or Portland clinker. This cement is used for marine construction, large amounts of concrete construction to resist aggressive water attacks, reinforced concrete pipes in groundwater, concrete construction in sulphate-containing soil, and chemical construction exposed to high concentrations of weak sulphate. A solution of mineral acid used in very serious conditions such as. It can also be used on the underside of railway bridges and sewers.

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Masonry Cement

Masonry cement is obtained by mixing a mixture of Portland cement clinker and an inert material (non-pozzolan) with limestone and the like.

Agglomerates, dolomites, limestone, gypsum, and air-entrained plasticizers. Masonry cement has a slow hardening, high workability and high water retention, making it particularly suitable for masonry work.

Oil Well Cement

Well cement is a special purpose cement that seals the space between a steel casing and a sedimentary rock by injecting a slurry into an oil well that has been drilled for oil. This cement prevents oil and gas from leaking out of the well. This cement also prevents sulfur gas and water containing dissolved salts. All these properties of oil well cements are obtained by adding a complex composition of cement with retarders such as starch and cellulosic products and acids.

Colored Cement

Colored cement is made by adding color-carrying pigments with Portland cement clinker. The pigment dosage is 5-10% of Portland cement. White or gray Portland cement is used as a matrix to achieve different colors. White Portland cement is manufactured similar to OPC.

Expandable Cement

Expandable cement is a type of cement that does not change in volume when dried. This type of cement also does not shrink during or after curing. This type of cement was developed using an expanding agent and a stabilizer.

Air-entrained Cement

Air-entrained cement is made by adding an air-entraining agent in powder or liquid form using OPC cement clinker. Other external materials are added animal and vegetable fats, oils and other acids, including aluminum powder, certain wetting agents such as hydrogen peroxide, and the introduction of air entraining agents to harden concrete. Improves frost resistance. By using this cement, the workability, segregation, and bleeding properties of concrete are improved.

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Different Types of Doors Used In Construction

Based on Materials

Wooden or Timber Doors

Wooden doors or wood doors are mainly used for interior door applications. Timber is the oldest material used for doors and timber will never look out of fashion. There are many good reasons to use wood such as wooden doors provide soundproofing, insulation and protection. It is easy to install and clean. Their life is long. Being a natural material they have a distinct appeal. They look glamorous. They are very expensive.

Glass Doors

Glass doors look elegant and add prosperity and beauty to your home. They are the way to direct water to light your home. Cut glass panels mounted in wooden frames are a beautiful option for the front door. The disadvantage of this door is that it is easily broken. Therefore, they should be handled with care. However, with the help of hard glass this will not be easy.

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Steel Doors

Steel doors are used in interior as well as exterior applications. This door has a steel face with a foam core for insulation. They are much stronger than other doors. They may not look as attractive as wooden or glass doors.

PVC Doors

PVC doors are light in weight and easy to use. They come in a variety of designs and colors and look beautiful. These doors do not dry out and do not require much maintenance. But they are not scratch proof.

Fiberglass Doors

Fiberglass doors are mostly used for outdoor application. These doors have many design options and can be easily shaped into different shapes and styles. These doors are durable and rigid. They generally prefer affordable housing. They are not superior to other types as far as appearance is concerned. Of course, they are cost-effective.

Aluminum Glazed Doors

Aluminum doors with glass panels are commonly used in commercial applications. They are strong, durable and therefore, they are used as a security door. However, with full aluminum panels, their appearance will not look like the others.

Fiber Reinforced Plastic Doors / FRP Doors

Fiber reinforced plastic doors are also known as FRP doors. It is available in the market in various colors and finishes. Fiber reinforced plastic doors offer numerous advantages such as high strength, very low maintenance, all weather resistant, easy fabrication, light weight and rust free.

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Based on the Operation of the Door Shutter

Folding Doors

Folding doors are used alone or as folding partitions so that two rooms can be used for the same room or separately as needed. They are most often used in rooms such as garden, patio and veranda.

Sliding Doors

Sliding doors are steel, wood and glass shutters in which steel rollers are fixed. These steel rollers rotate on the tracks provided at the top and bottom. It has one or more sliding shutters depending on the opening. In the old days, steel and wood sliding doors were commonly used for warehouses, large workshop rooms; Garage etc.

Nowadays, sliding doors are used in most offices and where this area is crowded because sliding doors save space and increase the efficiency of use.

Swing Doors

'Frederick S. Merritt and Jonathan T. According to Ricketts '(author of the Building Design and Construction Handbook), swinging doors are slammed to one side to revolve around vertical axes. It is hung on buttons or hinges on the door frame. In this door its shutter is connected to the frame by double action springs. That is why the shutter can move both inside and outside.

There are two types of swing doors available - one is single-acting doors that can swing 90 ° or more in one direction; and double-acting doors that can swing 90 ° or more in each of the two directions. The swing door is used in most offices.

Revolving Doors

In the revolving door, the door is arranged to rotate around the middle yellow. These doors rotate to one side of the shutter and close automatically.

According to JK, McKay (author of Building Construction Metrics, Volume 4), it is desirable to have a revolving door to avoid drafts, reduce road noise and avoid heat damage.

Revolving doors are mainly used to regulate access to heavy traffic areas i.e. tall buildings, public buildings, hospitals etc.

Rolling Shutter Doors

In rolling shutter doors, the door shutter acts like a steel curtain. Rolling shutter doors are advantageous because they do not require much space. These doors are very strong, durable and offer proper protection. They are mainly used in stores, workshops, factories, garages and shops front etc.

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Collapsible Doors

Collapsible doors are fabricated from mild steel flats or channels and can be opened or closed by slightly pulling or pushing. The collapsible door is arranged in such a way that when you open the door all the straps are joined together and the straps are stretched when approached. They occupy the least space and are therefore preferable. Collapsible doors are used for main entrances to residential buildings, shops, warehouses, cinema halls, etc.

Pivot Doors

The main doors work on a special pivot hinge, with pins on the top and bottom of the door. A significant advantage of pivot hinges is that they can provide support for a wider and stronger door than traditional pin and barrel hinges. Along with the technical advantage, it gives aesthetic uniqueness in opening and closing and offers a noticeable swing function. Main doors are commonly used for entrance doors.

Based on Construction Method

Panel Doors

Panel doors have been used indoors for a long time. According to 'R. Chudle '(author of Construction Technology Volume-1), offers a variety of panel doors depending on the British standard one, two, three or four-panel format. The panel can make plywood, block board, veneer, glass, wood, etc. They are the strongest doors. They offer a variety of designs but are labor intensive and skilled workforce.

Flush Doors

Nowadays, flush doors are the most common type used in homes as well as in public buildings due to its pleasing appearance and simple construction. This door has a joint less surface on both sides. With a simple face, it is easy to clean and decorate. Flush doors are also high strength, durability and cheaper than panel doors. With varieties of laminates and veneers, which look like natural wood, they look beautiful and attractive and are available for a wide selection.

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Home building Mistakes 1. Trying too much DIY

For many potential homeowners, being able to buy an off-the-shelf housing plan and carry out other planning and construction activities themselves is very attractive. These options save you money spent on professional services and all look very simple. Please do not cheat. Professional home builders and designers exist for a reason. Their job, in all respects, is to create a solid, reliable, and enjoyable home for you. Many years of their experience may come at the expense of the money spent. All of these lead to higher levels of attention to detail and capture potential difficulties that may go unnoticed or unnoticed.

If you find it online or if you're into the design of a house in your catalog, look for an expert before you buy a plan and start construction. This ensures that you get the house you want and the house can withstand the challenges of time.

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Home building Mistakes 2.Scraping on Basics

If your contractor has instructions on the materials used in your new home, you have the final say as future homeowners. But you are paying for it all. You can save money by buying the cheapest option possible with building materials. It's almost guaranteed to pay off on the streets. Something very cheap is cheap for a reason. In most cases, this is because they are cheaply manufactured using low-quality components or base materials.

You don't have to choose the most expensive option. Contractors offer many options that they consider reliable, from moderate to expensive. Talk to them and find out how they feel about each product. Have they used it before? Do they use it to build a house for themselves or loved ones? In most cases, midrange products are needed to make a house built with lasting stability. Keep in mind that cutting the corners of cosmetics is one thing, but slowly creating a composition is another. Foundations, walls, floors, wiring, plumbing, etc. should always be as robust and sound as possible.

Home building Mistakes 3.Poor financial planning

Having a budget is your first step. In today's world of automation, building a dream home can be a daunting task. But you want to enjoy staying at home, and if that doesn't lower your credit rating, you will enjoy it! Stick with it and create a budget as soon as you decide to stick. When creating a budget, do some research to find out how much your home will cost. If you can't adjust the price, wait a few years, and be prepared.

If you find that your new budget is within budget, look at the style and size of the house you are building. Calculate the mid-price range. You should also check the cost of individual jobs. For example, consult an expert to determine the type of foundation to install and then investigate the average cost of installing that particular type of foundation. It may seem tedious to do all this research in this way, but it gives good results.

Once you have the actual statistics on what the average rate for each job is, you can develop the statistics based on negotiation. Nobody wants to go to a contractor, but if your job is higher than the rate of going to the same job in your area, you can show them statistics and ask why they are worth more. They may have very good reasons such as experienced workers. Or, unfortunately, I believe most future homeowners won't do this kind of research and can expect to squeeze an extra few dollars from you. In the latter case, think hard about finding a more reliable contractor to build your home.

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Home building Mistakes 4. Accepting too few bids

Recently we are all trying to save money. Therefore, a minimal bid from a lucrative contractor is the right way to save a lot of money within your budget. But smart consumers are always wary of low costs.

There are several different reasons a contractor may bid you too low and none of them are good. Common causes are inexperienced or unlicensed workers. The contractor does not have to pay any more for these workers and the savings go to you. However, this is not the area you want to cut. Unlicensed workers perform certain types of work, such as electrical wiring, that are illegal and can cause problems with building permits and future insurance coverage. Insist on licensed and experienced workers; well worth the extra cost.

Another common reason for low bids is that they are more horrible than the craftsman's poor workmanship. In most cases, the contractor will demand a lower price to enter into this "limited time" contract. Get out of here! The contractors who provide these types of transactions are often untrustworthy. Several actions were filed against the contractor who provided these deals, but subsequently failed to disclose the work. It's a good idea to get a high (still realistic) bid from a reputable contractor. If something seems true or you are under pressure to sign a contract, follow your instincts and look elsewhere.

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Home building Mistakes 5.Poor Place Selection

It is impractical for many future homeowners to have endless options when it comes to building a site. However, it is important to consider some important criteria before buying a property. These standards affect not only the construction process, but also the future value of the home and the lifestyle of the resident.

Busy roads may seem convenient if you are near work or children's school, but they are always negative. Not only is it difficult to do construction work with a flying car, but the value of the finished house is very low. Few people want to be a busy street. Many homebuyers want peace and relative tranquility. Find a property that is relatively quiet, yet convenient for future sales and personal enjoyment.

Terrain plays a big role in how fast and easy it is to build. These include mountains, soil conditions, and waters within the premises, slopes of the premises, underlying water tables, and parts of the forest. In short, anything that impedes the movement of workers costs more in time and effort.

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Types of Concrete Frame Construction

1. Rigid Concrete Frame Construction

These frames are built in the field and cannot be poured continuously. They increase stability and effectively resist rotation. The advantage of the rigid frame structure is that the interaction of walls, beams and slabs represents positive and negative bending moments throughout the structure.

2. Braided Concrete Frame Construction

This frame structure resists lateral forces due to the bracing of the hearing elements used to resist lateral forces. The structure is supported by inserting diagonal structural members into the rectangular portion of the structural frame. Braided frames are more efficient than rigid frames.

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Advantages of Concrete Frame Construction

Better compression than other materials used in construction. Apart from this, the structure is also tense.

It has better fire resistance than steel, so it can withstand fire longer.

Low maintenance cost and long service life.

For some structures such as piers, dams and foundations, it is the most economical structural material.

With the most economical structural material, it can be cast to the required size.

This produces a rigid member with minimal deflection.

The production capacity of steel is more than 15% of the compressive strength of structural concrete and 100 times the tensile strength.

Using steel for concrete reduces the cross-sectional dimensions.

Compared to other construction systems, no skilled workers are needed.

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Disadvantages of Concrete Frame Construction

This requires careful mixing, casting and curing, all of which affect the ultimate strength of the member.

The cost of the formwork used to pour concrete is relatively high.

Due to its lower compressive strength than steel, the columns/beams of high-rise buildings have larger cross-sections and shrinkage causes cracks in the concrete and higher direct loads.

If not properly shrunk, the steel will start to deteriorate, its strength will decrease and eventually its life will be shortened. Also, subsequent repairs are very expensive and difficult.

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1. The thickness of the brick joint should not exceed 1 cm.

2. If the mortar is still green, use a scooping tool to scrape the face joints to a depth of 15 mm so that you can provide the proper keys for plastering or pointing.

3. Bricks should be stacked so that they do not exceed a height of 1 meter at a time.

4. Make sure the brick is vertical.

5. Make sure the brick course is level.

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6. Check the quality of bricks according to specific criteria

• Power

• Efflorescence

• Three Dimensional accuracy

• Water absorption

7. Do not use a brick bat as a queen closer.

8. Scratch the strength of the mortar with a sharp instrument such as a screwdriver.

9. Check the quality of the sand with mortar. (Test for fineness factor and silt content).

10. Make sure it's done manually or mechanically and mixed on the right platform.

11. Check cure placement.

12. Whether the green joint has been scrapped.

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13. Whether to soak the bricks.

14. Check seams, levels, thickness and authenticity to see the overall quality of the work.

15. Whether the brick corners are properly fed by the proper brick closer and whether the brick bat is pierced.

16. Whether there are bricks on the edge of the top course below the pedestal, window frame, RCC slab, and balustrade.

17. Make sure that the brick joints, especially the vertical joints, are completely filled with mortar.

18. Check the scaffold type and whether the scaffold is properly tied and secured.

19. Check the brick rebar, if provided.

20. Check the join between intersecting walls and long walls.

21. Whether the holes left in the brick during the run to support the scaffold are filled with concrete rather than dry brick.

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Check the concrete mix

The strength of concrete determines the load and bearing capacity of a structure. Usually developers monitor the quality and strength of the concrete, but often it is difficult to prepare the mix and inspect the concrete every time. In such a situation, it is always better to opt for ready-mixed concrete.

Check the wall thickness

In the layout agreement, the developers specify the width of the walls. Take a tour of the construction site to see if he actually brought it with him. Use any key during the inspection and try to push against the walls. If you can puncture it easily with it, it is obvious that the developer used substandard material. To check the integrity of the wall, tap sounds with your backpack.

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Ensure security features

Investigate safety measures such as earthquake safety, emergency evacuation or fire evacuation by the developer. Check the size and location of the steps. Running with two people in an emergency should be wide enough.

Check the quality of the paint and plaster

Check the plaster on the outside walls. Uneven cracks in the wall plaster are a sign that the foundation or the quality of the building's construction is not good. Similarly, high quality paint on walls improves the visual appeal and longevity of walls and wooden rooms.

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Check the elevator

There have been a few instances where elevators fell down in buildings, either due to maintenance repairs or due to improper installation. Check the elevator license and maintenance made by the developer. Also, check the height of the elevator in the housing project. In general, three elevators and one service elevator are suitable for one tower. Also check capacity, especially height, if more people are to be accommodated in a single trip.

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River Sand or Natural Sand

River sand is equivalent to high-quality construction sand near river banks and streams. This sand is white-gray, one of the finest sands used in building construction. They are mainly used for concrete and masonry work. It can also be used for RCC, plastering, and many other brick and block work. This sand has a smoother texture and better grain shape. Rivers and natural sand require very little water. The water trapped between these particles serves a variety of specific purposes. Medium quality river sand consists of 5-20% silt.

River sand is cheap because it is obtained naturally. This type of sand used for construction contains silica. Therefore, before using it for construction, it is necessary to check the amount of silica present and ensure that it is less than 5%.

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M-Sand

M-sand is an abbreviation for manufactured sand, a type of sand used in construction in India. This type of construction sand is made in the factory. It can be used as a substitute for concrete river sand. Manufactured sand has been used since the demand for high quality sand increased sharply. This type of construction sand is made by crushing hard granite, which reduces the cost of transporting sand from river beds. It contains horny particles that improve the strength of concrete. These horn particles present in the sand increase the water requirement. This water requirement can be supplemented by adding cement. Man-made, it has no silt content. There are no oversized materials for these types of construction sand.

This is another type of construction sand that is easy to obtain. Manufactured and not natural, it is free from some impurities and the size of the sand grains can be controlled freely for any purpose. Since they are made in a controlled environment, this sand is unlikely to be incorporated and the quality of M sand production is better controlled. M-sand is durable and gives concrete a high level of strength. It is very economical and reduces structural defects.

Concrete Sand

Concrete sand is a type of Indian sand made from crushed stone. It is a common ingredient in cement and asphalt mixes. This sand is crushed and filtered in a quarry to remove large stones and huge debris. A type of coarse sand that can be mixed with cement or water and used to level base courses, patios and boardwalks. When mixed with cement and water, it forms a solid mass and is used to fill the voids between coarse aggregates. It has smaller particles than crushed sand and can be used for soft pavement. However, since it is larger than white sand, it can also be used as a filler. The size and texture of this sand make it an ideal material for many purposes. It gives the building basic stability.

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Pit Sand

Pit sand is a type of sand that is used in construction due to its excellent binding properties and is ideal for building construction. It is coarse sand that is 2-3 meters underground. Obtained from deep pits, of course. It consists of coarse, sharp, angled, and coarse particles that provide excellent binding properties. They appear reddish-orange due to the presence of iron oxide. The particles of this building sand are salt-free and therefore do not react easily with the moisture in the atmosphere. Because of this characteristic, they offer a strong and solid building.

Fill Sand

Filling sand is a type of sand that is mainly used for building. It is a combination of many grains of sand and aggregates. It consists of very fine rock particles that have been destroyed and eroded. Mainly used as a base material for laying, paving, filling large holes, etc. Due to its good compression, it is an ideal base material for various purposes during building construction. By backfilling the septic tank, it has many benefits when used in damp places to solve drainage problems.

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Role of General Contractor

Consider a general contractor, such as the head coach of a hockey team or the general manager of a baseball team. He searches for talent, or maybe he already has his own team of talent and calls the shots to make sure the house is built with features. A good general contractor is not only required to show the required players, but also ensures that the necessary permits for construction are obtained.

The way this type of person is usually organized is that he or she will sub-contract all of the individual workspace to qualified professionals who can handle the job. When a foundation needs to be laid, a general contractor hires a company to lay the foundation. When it comes to building walls, he hires a professional. When it is necessary to install the floors, he puts it on the person and until everything is done. In short, the general contractor relieves stress from the person who wants to build the house and is responsible for doing the job.

The best general contractors are those who can see the big picture and work to put it on his team schedule to complete the construction. While they may not be essential for a new home project, they can be an invaluable resource. In some cases, the general contractor may even act as a housing builder.

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Role of Home Builder

Unlike a typical contractor, a home owner does not contract lessons with anyone or assist in the planning or implementation of the big picture. On the other hand, the house builder will build the house completely from beginning to end, which is more desirable for some people. Whether a home builder works for a large company or has small employees, he and his team will work to build every aspect of the home.

This simplifies the construction process and reduces the need for some additional costs arising from the general contractor. On the other hand, not all homeowners will hold your hand and make sure you have all the necessary permissions. They won’t work until they get the licenses, but unlike the contractor, they won’t get them.

In addition, there are some home owners who will focus on just one aspect of the job, so always consider this when comparing home builders. Even if the home builder cannot provide the same services as a normal contractor, he will occasionally give input or advice about construction and a good home builder is always in his head. In the end, anyone who wants to rent a house to a builder without a general contractor will find every aspect of the house.

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Which is the best?

In many cases this is a really wrong question to ask. The reality is that their roles are different, people who have built a home often hire both a general contractor and a builder. In general, the contractor will actually keep the necessary building staff or use some of their own people and act as both the builder and the contractor.

If you feel more adventurous, you can actually work as your own contractor, but keep in mind that you may not have the experience or connection of a real contractor. When there are so many different areas to work at home, it can be difficult to find the right people for the right job and hire them, so don’t assume that you only have what you need to become your own contractor. Still, the option exists and you can definitely manage if you find the right home builder.

A key precaution: Always remember that if you choose to work as your own contractor, you need to go over the permissions you need. Usually, a contractor will help ensure that this is done, but if you are taking on the role yourself, you are also accepting those responsibilities.

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Different Types of Windows used in Construction

Types of Windows

Sliding Windows

In these types of windows, these shutters move vertically or horizontally on roller bearings. They are provided on the wall to receive shutters and are preferred by buses, trains, shops, bank counters, etc.

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Louver Windows

These windows are provided in the case of louvered doors and provide sufficient privacy, but allow the air to pass freely. The shutter consists of an upper rail, a lower rail, and two styles that are grooved to accept the louvers at a 45° angle in a fixed position.

Double hung Windows

These types of windows consist of a pair of shutters that can slide in a groove attached to the frame. Each sash has a set of metal weights with a cord or chain attached to a pulley. When the weight is pulled, the shutter opens to the required level and ventilation is provided.

Pivot Windows

These windows are similar to double-sided windows, except that there is no rebate and the shutter movement is slightly different. The shutter can swing around the pivot, allowing more light than a side-hung window. The windows can be rotated horizontally or vertically for easy cleaning.

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Double Windows

The shutter opens like a door and is manufactured like a door. The window consists of a frame consisting of style, top rails and bottom rails. These frames are made similar to door frames, but with a sill at the bottom of every window.

Glass Windows

The sash is rebated to receive the glass panel, and the glass is held in place by either putty or a small fillet called glazing beads. These windows are completely glazed windows.

Gable Windows

These types of windows are on the edge of the gable of the roof and have been used since ancient times.

Metal Windows

The metal windows are made of standard size mild steel, bronze and aluminum. These windows have been widely used these days and can be fixed directly to walls or crates.

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Corner Windows

These types of windows have two vertical faces that are located in the corners of the room. It provides sufficient light and air from two directions and adds a look to the building.

Bay Windows

These windows project outside of the exterior walls of the room, resulting in a large opening area. They are square, splayed, circular, polygonal, or any other shape, allowing lighter and ventilation.

Dormer Windows

The main purpose of providing dormer windows is to let light and air into the room. They are built within or below the slope of the roof.

Priest Windows

These types of windows are fixed near the top of the main roof using pivot windows. They provide ventilation inside the room which is blocked by windows. It can be opened and closed using two cords attached to the top and bottom rails of the shutter.

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Types of Flooring

Tile flooring

Flooring tiles have gained popularity in India over the years on cement and concrete flooring. Tiles are available in different patterns, designs and utility options. They are usually more expensive than cement concrete flooring and the price depends on the type of tile. The different types of flooring tiles are as follows.

1. Checkered tile

2. Glazed tile

3. Vitrified tile

4. PVC tiles

Marble flooring

Traditionally, marble flooring has been provided in religious places, palaces, mansions, etc. as it enhances the look of the structure. Such floors have recently been used extensively in residential buildings. Marble floors are expensive and can be used preferably for living rooms and bedrooms.

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Linoleum flooring

Linoleum flooring is usually laid on a floor foundation that is already smooth and simple. It is suitable for interior spaces in the building. Linoleum is a flammable material and should not be used in areas where there is a risk of dampness over time.

Bamboo flooring

Bamboo flooring is widely used where bamboo is available locally. However, according to such aesthetics such floorings have recently become popular, uniquely attractive, strong and flexible, dimensional stable, moisture and stain resistant and environmentally friendly. It is also said to have better properties than hard wood.

Wooden flooring

Wooden flooring is most commonly used in mountainous areas of the country where temperatures are low. Currently they are also available in high-rise floors to look good.

Terrazzo flooring or music furnishing

Terrazzo flooring is another type of flooring that is commonly used in India. This type of flooring will give an attractive look, it is widely provided in the living room, bedroom, etc.

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Cement concrete flooring

Cement concrete flooring is one of the most common types of flooring available in homes. In addition to being economically viable compared to tile, marble and other such floors, this type of flooring is much more durable, easier to construct and maintain.

Stone flooring

Stone is abundant in all parts of the country. Many of these are suitable for flooring in residential buildings. Stones suitable for this purpose should be strong and able to withstand abrasion and corrosion and without giving an attractive appearance. Below are some of the stones used for floor construction.

1. Quota stone

2. Granite

3. Sandstone

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Brick flooring

Vita has been the mainstay of construction in India since the time of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa. It has been used successfully for foundations, walls, roofs, floors, etc. Brick furring is beneficial where bricks are locally available. It is easy to build such floors with the help of local masons and also economically.

Mud flooring

Mud is the simplest type of material available for building construction. It has been adopted in different forms for different elements of the house. Mud floorings are mainly adopted in village houses because economically, mud is readily available and the floor is easy to build and maintain.

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Vastu Shastra Tips for Living Room Construction

Vastu Shastra Tips for Seating

Seating in the living room, the homeowner has to face either the north or the east. Other members of the household or people who have come to visit should sit opposite or next to the owner.

North-East Face

The east and north face of the house is of high quality. From this corner they can attract good vibrations. The living room to the northeast will ensure that people are more harmonious and have less disagreement in the house.

Telephone

Building a house in Vastu shastra tips is considered to be the direction of fire in the south, so this is the electronics where it should be kept. If you use your telephone, TV, etc. If you keep it in south-west direction, it will definitely be beneficial for you.

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Vastu Shastra Tips for Flooring

In architecture for the living room, it is considered better to live on a lower level than the rest of the house, to provide the right room for the rest of the house, especially for the guests, compared to the rest of the house.

Doors

Doors in the living room are not restricted by numbers; they are restricted to places where they can be placed. You can place your door on the north side of your house, as this is the direction with magnetic control in all directions. This is what will help attract people to your home- a big benefit for you!

Front Living Room

If the living rooms are facing each other, then the north should be the most important direction as this direction will bring maximum benefits. However, houses facing west or south will not work the same way. In the latter two houses it is necessary to ensure that the living room is not the front room but the side or back room.

Vastu Shastra Tips for Bedroom Construction

Door

The bedroom door should open at least ninety degrees. It is important that you allow as many opportunities as possible in your life. You also need to make sure that the bedroom door is made of a solid and strong material, so that your private and intimate life will be protected from the outside world as well as from interference.

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Remove Clutter

Make sure the room is clutter free and make sure there is space available. According to Vastu shastra tips in the bedroom, clutter is really bad, especially inside cupboards and under the bed. Some of these confusions may involve things in the past that are affecting your life and affecting your life. It would be good to get rid of this mess and free your room for the forces of nature so that you will be happy.

Sleep Facing

When you sleep, keep your head facing south. The answer provides the body with magnetic energy, which will stimulate the blood. This can really ruin your sleep and should be avoided at all costs.

Mirrors

Do not place a mirror on the north side of the bedroom. This will ensure that you are always thinking about the problems and also make sure that your problems come back to you. Move the mirror to another wall or cover the mirror while you sleep at night.

Sharp Corners

Vastu shastra tips in the bedroom commands that you should avoid sleeping directly with any sharp corners. Acute angles take away the peace and serenity of your life and make you suffer more. This will not make the proximity situation any better. Neither will improve your chances of success.

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Vastu shastra tips for Kitchen construction

South-East Corner

The kitchen is best in the south-east corner of the house or in the corner of the house.

North-West

If it is not possible to build a kitchen in the south-east, one can move to the north-west.

Electric Gadgets

There are some gadgets in the kitchen like mixer or toaster. They need to be attached to the south wall, as this is the direction of the kitchen that is best for the fire element.

Vastu Shastra Tips for Colors

Try using colors to color the whole thing for you. There are four primary colors that are believed to enhance one's health, eating habits and calm. There are four colors that are best used for kitchen architecture. Colors included blue, green, red, and yellow.

Door

The kitchen door faces north-east. They could also face north or east.

Vastu Shastra Tips for Cooking

When cooking is done, it would be better for the woman to face east while cooking. It will definitely bring more prosperity and happiness in life.

Dining Area

The kitchen or dining room is a really good place for everyday meals. But when one is eating in the kitchen or every day, one has to make sure that you are not pointing in a south direction.

Bedroom-Kitchen

Placing the kitchen next to the bedroom is not a smart idea. If you keep them close to each other make sure the wall between these two places is thick. In fact these walls should be thicker than the other walls.

Vastu Shastra Tips for Gas

When you keep gas, make sure it is in the south-east part of the kitchen. Although the exhaust fan should be located in this corner or in the eastern part.

Water

When drinking water, keep water in the north-eastern part of the kitchen. The architecture of the kitchen determines the safest direction for water.

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Premium Is More Affordable

Older homes require more updating and repair and replacement of larger components, which can be expensive. - Ryan Lambesis, a related realty in Chicago, and L2 Properties have seen fluctuations in premiums for newly built homes over time, said Rick Palacios, research director at John Burns Real Estate Consulting in Irvine, California.

Historically, newly built homes have cost about 1 percent more than resale, based on national average price figures from the 1960s.

Prices in the middle are not an absolute statistic because they are affected by low-cost and high-value assets as well as market direction. Still, they can be useful long-term indicators.

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In the 2010-12 timeframe, the premium for newly built homes was significant, and in 2013 it increased by 0 percent, says Palacio. Since then, the premium has fallen by about 30 percent. This means that newly built homes today are less expensive than resale.

Pottery was the discrepancy, with builders building larger homes in the main market with higher land costs due to higher post-recession preference. Builders also visit buyers who have a good place to shop at a time when lenders have strict guidelines for borrowers. Increased government regulations and rising costs for construction materials and workers were also important factors, Palacios explains.

Part of the premium is coming down because when builders start to make mortgage financing more available, buyers will be targeted to start building smaller homes on the way out.

“Now the story is that it’s compact, which we think is a good thing for homes,” says Palacios.

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Premium Varies By Location

The local housing market does not always reflect the trend of national real estate. Builders, realtors and buyers may see a national trend locally but it will feel different in different markets or in different areas.

Hoffman cites Chicago as an example. He says his perception is that premiums have dropped in the city and widened in the suburbs. Buyers who can afford remodeling will find better deals for older city homes, while demand for newer suburban homes has increased.

“Consumers have seen the negative effects of the good part of the decade without building a new decade. “Most (recently built) homes are close to a decade of obsolescence, and pickings are very thin in resale," he says.

Age of the Home

Petty pointed to Atlanta as an example. He says the metro area "fell sharply in the 1980s and '90s. Those homes are too old to attract buyers and the facilities in that area can be disrupted. ”

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The average resale home is 40 years old.

Ryan Lambesis, a real estate broker and co-founding partner of L2 Properties, a real estate development company in Chicago, says older homes need more updating and repair and replacement of key components.

All of these factors affect the price premium for newly built homes.

With a new-construction home, repair costs are built into the cost premium and the buyer is protected by the builder’s warranty and the manufacturer’s warranty.

“New construction will always be more expensive,” says Lambesis. "There's a value in that you're taking the initiative (then) not paying."

Given the many benefits, the box concludes: “There is no reason not to move into a new building.”

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