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State-of the-Art Navigation Systems and Sensors for Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs). Appl. Mech. 2025, 6, 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/applmech6010010.

Paper Summary: A brief analysis of the sensor methodologies and approaches in today’s world in use for underwater mapping has been provided, along with an overview of their appropriateness for the various tasks that UUVs must carry out [272]. UUV navigation, along with sensor present problems, has been noted, and several recommendations for future studies have been made in light of these problems. It has been determined that although inertial and acoustic navigation systems are better developed than geophysical approaches, their performance is essentially constrained by their expense, assortment, and freely circulated correction cycle over long missions.

Performance Comparison Study of Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) Image Reconstruction Techniques Using Signal Quality Metrics and Real Hardware Data (Submitted Q1)

Paper Summary: I am actively involved in the development of an Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) system aimed at non-invasive imaging through the reconstruction of internal conductivity distributions. My work encompasses the design, development and integration of hardware components—including electrode arrays, multiplexers, and signal acquisition systems—as well as the implementation of signal processing and FEM-based image reconstruction algorithms. I have conducted experiments with both simulated and physical phantoms to evaluate resolution and sensitivity, and I’m currently focused on enhancing image quality using advanced signal analysis metrics such as phase shift, coherence, and wavelet transforms. 

Light-Responsive PLGA Microparticles for On-Demand Vancomycin Release and Enhanced Antibacterial Efficiency, Pharmaceutics (Q1), Mul. Dig. Pub. Ins. Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(8)

Paper Summary: A precise drug delivery system enables the optimization of treatments with minimal side effects if it can deliver medication only when activated by a specific light source. This study presents a controlled drug delivery system based on poly(lactic-coglycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles (MPs) designed for the sustained release of vancomycin hydrochloride. Methods: The MPs were co-loaded with indocyanine green (ICG), a near-infrared (NIR) responsive agent, and fabricated via the double emulsion method.They were characterized for stability, surface modification, biocompatibility, and antibacterial efficacy. Results: Dynamic light scattering and zeta potential analyses confirmed significant increases in particle size and surface charge reversal following chitosan coating. Scanning electron microscopy revealed uniform morphology in uncoated MPs (1–10 μm) and irregular surfaces post-coating. Stability tests demonstrated drug retention for up to 180 days. Among formulations, PVI1 exhibited the highest yield (76.67 ± 1.3%) and encapsulation efficiency (56.2 ± 1.95%). NIR irradiation (808 nm) enhanced drug release kinetics, with formulation PVI4 achieving over 48.9% release, resulting in improved antibacterial activity. Chitosan-coated MPs (e.g., PVI4-C) effectively suppressed drug release without NIR light for up to 8 h, with cumulative release reaching only 10.89%. Without NIR light, bacterial colonies exceeded 1000 CFU; NIR-triggered release reduced them below 120 CFU. Drug release data fitted best with the zero-order and Korsmeyer–Peppas models, suggesting a combination of diffusion-controlled and constant-rate release behavior. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the promise of chitosan-coated NIR-responsive PLGA MPs for precise, on-demand antibiotic delivery and improved antibacterial performance

Finite Element Analysis of a Thin Plate

Project Summary: A plate can be considered as a thin plate if it has two dimensions that are much bigger than its third dimension. The third dimension is typically less than, or equal to 5 mm. When this is the case, we can assume plane stress condition to analyze stress and strain of the thin plate under stationary loadings. We adopt the finite element analysis (FEA) to study the in-plane stress and strain conditions of a thin plate of arbitrary shape with a circular through hole subjected to arbitrary loadings on its boundary. Designing a model of thin plate for finte element analysis. Calculating the stress and strain distribution in the plate and analysing the in-plane stress and strain of selected regions. Establishing polynomial functions for in-plane stress and strain elements. Verifying the satisfaction of governing equations using the polynomial functions. Observing the effect of different selected region size on the satisfaction of governing equations.

 A Bioinspired 3D Velocity Sensor Using Rosetta-Shaped Flex Array with Pressure Sensing of UUV Underwater Application (Submitted to Q1 journal)

Paper summary: I am developing a custom 3D velocity sensor system using SolidWorks and ANSYS for an Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV), integrating a Rosetta-shaped arrangement of three flex sensors and a Melexis MLX90809 pressure sensors embedded in a silicon band positioned on the vehicle's nose. The system captures resistance and pressure data to estimate directional forces, which are converted into velocity vectors using signal conditioning and calibration algorithms. Data acquisition is performed via an Arduino MEGA, PCle 6630, with real-time data logging and transmission capabilities through SD card storage and Bluetooth modules (HC-05/HC-06). Collected data is processed and visualized using Processing, Python, and MATLAB, enabling detailed analysis of underwater motion dynamics. This integrated setup facilitates precise estimation of UUV velocity and heading for navigation and control applications compensating drift of IMU data. 

Design and Development of Optical Microbots for Bio-Medical Applications], Sensors (MDPI).

Paper Summary: Light-actuated microbots have been studied as a viable tool for interacting with mi-cro/nano environments. Considering their applicability to a wide range of bio-medical applications, novel designs, fabrication techniques, and control methodologies are being developed. Especially, micro/nano-scale three-dimensional fabrication techniques have opened many possibilities for devel-oping microbots with complex geometries using resins as materials. Here, we developed microbots that can be actuated with tightly focused laser beams to be used in targeted drug delivery, cell poking, and cell characterization studies. These microbots are fabricated in batches using two-photon polymerization (TPP). Each microbot utilizes a deposited metal layer inside its body to manipulate convective microfluidic flows. Additionally, micro-sized end effectors allow them to make measurable physical contact with biological objects. Their expected performance was evaluated using numerical simulations with the use of multi-physics software. Further, laser-induced loading and unloading of micro-sized cargo with bio-compatibility results show their capability for in-vitro applications.

A method for developing bipedal robotic control strategies for various locomotion behaviors.

Paper Summary:  This paper presents an approach to the development of bipedal robotic control techniques for multiple locomotion behaviors. Insight into the fundamental behaviors of human locomotion is obtained through the examination of experimental human data for walking on flat ground, upstairs and downstairs. Specifically, it is shown that certain outputs of the human, independent of locomotion terrain, can be characterized by a single function, termed the extended canonical human function. Optimized functions of this form are tracked via feedback linearization in simulations of a planar robotic biped walking on flat ground, upstairs and downstairs — these three modes of locomotion are termed “motion primitives.” A second optimization is presented, which yields controllers that evolve the robot from one motion primitive to another — these modes of locomotion are termed “motion transitions.” A final simulation is given, which shows the controlled evolution of a robotic biped as it transitions through each mode of locomotion over a pyramidal staircase.

Experimental implementation of numerical viscosity induced by coarse grid based on computational fluid dynamics simulations using constant turbulence viscosity modelling.

Paper Summary:  Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a useful tool in building indoor environment study. However, the notorious computational effort of CFD is a significant drawback that restricts its applications in many areas and stages. Factors such as grid resolution and turbulence modeling are the main reasons that lead to large computing cost of this method. This study investigates the feasibility of utilizing inherent numerical viscosity induced by coarse CFD grid, coupled with simplest turbulence model, to greatly reduce the computational cost while maintaining reasonable modeling accuracy of CFD. Numerical viscosity introduced from space discretization in a carefully specified coarse grid resolution may have similar magnitude as turbulence viscosity for typical indoor airflows. This presents potentials of substituting sophisticated turbulence models with inherent numerical viscosity models from coarse grid CFD that are often used in fast CFD analysis. Case studies were conducted to validate the analytical findings, by comparing the coarse grid CFD predictions with the grid-independent CFD solutions as well as experimental data obtained from literature. The study shows that a uniform coarse grid can be applied, along with a constant turbulence viscosity model, to reasonably predict general airflow patterns in typical indoor environments. Although such predictions may not be as precise as fine-grid CFDs with well validated complex turbulence models, the accuracy is acceptable for indoor environment study, especially at an early stage of a project. The computing speed is about 100 times faster than a fine-grid CFD, which makes it possible to simulate a complicated 3-dimensional building in real-time (or near real-time) with personal computer

CPF problem solution of under actuated unmanned underwater vehicle designing heading and velocity controller by using dynamic surface and active disturbance rejection control DSC technique and the ADRC technology.

Paper Summary: This paper addresses the problem of steering a group of underactuated marine vehicles along given spatial paths, while holding a desired inter-vehicle formation pattern (cooperative path-following). The CPF problem is divided into a motion control task of making each vehicle track a virtual target moving along the desired path and a dynamic assignment task of adjusting the speeds of the virtual targets so as to achieve vehicle coordination. At the path-following level, the controller derived exhibits a inner-outer-loop structure and includes an observer to estimate the ocean currents and the sway velocity. At the coordination level, the decentralized control algorithm addresses explicitly the case where the communications among the vehicles occur with non-homogeneous, possibly varying delays. Convergence and stability of the overall system are proved formally. Simulations results are presented and discussed.

Autonomous locomotive and independent hybrid robotic system based on soft robotics

Paper Summary: This research describes a hybrid robotic system combining hard and soft subsystems. This hybrid comprises a wheeled robot (an iRobot Create; hard) and a four-legged quadruped (soft). It is capable (using a simple, wireless control system) of rapid locomotion over flat terrain (using the wheeled hard robot) and of gripping and retrieving an object (using the independent locomotive capabilities of the soft robot). The utility of this system is demonstrated by performing a mission requiring the capabilities of both components: retrieving an object (iPod Nano) from the center of a room. This class of robot—hybrids comprising hard and soft systems functioning synergistically—is capable of performing tasks that neither can do alone. In contrast to specialized hard robotic arms with grippers (capable of performing some of the functions we describe here), which are complex, relatively expensive, and require sophisticated controls, this hybrid system is easy to construct, simple to control, and low in cost. The soft robotic system in the hybrid is lightweight, disposable if contaminated or damaged, and capable of multiple functions.

Different techniques utilization for minimization of integral square error for unmanned underwater vehicle using marine guidance navigation and control simulator through RBF-ANN method

Paper Summary: The underwater environment poses a difficult challenge for autonomous underwater navigation. A standard problem of underwater vehicles is to maintain its position at a certain depth in order for it to perform desired operations. An effective controller is required for this purpose and hence the design of a depth controller for an Unmanned Underwater Vehicle is described in this paper. The control algorithm is simulated by using the Marine Guidance Navigation and Control Simulator. The project is to show how a Radial Basis Function Surrogate Model can be used to tune the scaling factors of fuzzy logic controller quickly. By using offline optimization approach, Surrogate Modeling or sometimes called Metamodeling has been done to minimize the Integral Square Error between the set point and the measured depth of the Unmanned Underwater Vehicle.

Design and optimization of an intelligent autonomous vehicle control system using simulation

Paper Summary:  In this paper a simplified bicycle model of an automobile was used to model the vehicle’s lateral dynamics. The approach presented here features some for Intelligent Pioneer proved good adaptability and adaptive PID control system described in this paper used suitable reference model was developed. In addition, based on the vehicle parameters for Intelligent Pioneer, a was used to model the vehicle’s lateral dynamics. Although simplicity was central to our parameters automatically when faced with changing controller based on adaptive PID which can change the following the rules of the road and intersections, and a innovations include: a controller that is capable of both on autonomous driving and mobile robotics. These innovations which were well grounded in past research stability. Combining the interfacing between processes simpler, thus it simplified algorithms could work well in most cases, and it made the control system development, approximate control environments.

Investigation to improve the performance of integrated sensors for unmanned underwater vehicles based on IMU, MPX and temperature sensor],” International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Renewable Energy 2023 (ICMERE-2023)

Paper Summary: This paper presents an integrated sensor system to be applied in underwater vehicles based on 5-DOF Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensor, MPX pressure sensor, and temperature sensor. The main idea of the research is to improve the performance of the integrated sensor system by using the MATLAB Simulink connected to MicroBox 2000/2000C for underwater vehicles applications. An integrated sensor or known as the smart sensor is a small component that designed to gather important data. These types of sensors combined or integrated with signal processing hardware in a single compact device. All sensors are placed in a hard casing made of steel with the dimensions of 0.10 m diameter, 0.85 m height and weight of 0.23 kg. The output of the sensors shows that; the offset error of accelerometer and gyroscopes are within 0.5 to 1.0 and 0.1 to 0.5 respectively. It is shown that the pressure occurs at 0.75s and the reading in volt increased rapidly until 0.5V and maintained at 0.5V for 1 s. With minimum implementation cost and improved performances of the integrated sensor, this research benefits offshore and underwater industries.

Investigation and performance analysis of a small scale savonius water current turbine in perspective of Bangladesh, International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Renewable Energy 2021 (ICMERE-2021).

Paper Summary:  One of the finest renewable sources is hydropower from the river. Compared to wind or solar energy, hydropower is more predictable. Bangladesh has been blessed with many rivers with velocity of water flow. The savonius rotor is one of the finest forms of turbine for generating electricity utilizing the kinetic energy of natural water resources. There are many ongoing researches of using savonius water turbine to use it as a current turbine. In this study, the performance of a savonius water current turbine has been analyzed in respect to Bangladesh. To Analyze the performance, the Padma, the Ganga, the Brahmaputra, the Meghna and the Karnaphuli’s water velocity has been taken into account. A Computer Aided Design (CAD) model of two blades of savonius water turbine was designed in SOLIDWORKS and analyzed with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in ANSYS simulation software. The performance has been analyzed with the comparison of flow rate, torque generated, Tip Speed Ratio (TSR), velocity and RPM. The velocity has been collected for the Padma, the Ganga, the Brahmaputra, the Meghna and the Karnaphuli as 4.86 ms-1, 4.50 ms-1, 3.5 ms-1,1.5 ms-1 and 0.44 ms-1 respectively.

An analysis using a numerical method for performance evaluation of foam fan blades in aviation propulsion engines.

Paper Summary: In the aerospace industry, the structures are subjected to significant loads and extreme conditions whilst being required to be lightweight and resilient. Metallic foams seem to meet these criteria. However, their usage in the aerospace applications are not as common as one would expect. To explore a potential application of foams, this study evaluates the performance of the foams of Ti-6Al-4V, a conventional material/alloy for aircraft engine fan blade applications performing numerical simulations. First, the mechanical properties of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy are calculated using the Mori–Tanaka mean-field homogenisation and finite element (FE) methods employing representative volume elements (RVE). Using those calculated material properties and the computer-aided design (CAD) model of a representative aircraft engine fan blade, the FE models are built. In these numerical models, the material properties and the rotational speed with the static aero-loads are selected as variables, whilst boundary conditions remain consistent to ensure a systematic investigation. Stress analysis and the prestressed modal analyses of the blades are performed, and the results are presented to discuss the impact of the void volume fraction of the alloy foams. This study reveals the complex nature of the mechanics of fan blades when made of foams.

Optimization for ultrahigh specific capacity and superior temperature control in a Li-ion battery cell.

Paper Summary: Ultrahigh capacity lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with prudent safety measures are key to future transporta- tion. The undesirable thermal events such as thermal runaway (TR) in LIBs can pose a direct risk to battery life and the consumers. In the present study, a set of new TR criteria are established by closely inspecting the relation between the rate of heat generation and dissipation to anticipate the TR at an early stage. From the proposed criteria, three alarming temperatures prior to TR are identified, such as the safe temperature limit T E (an intersection between heat generation curve and heat removal line), the maximum temperature limit T M (where second derivative of heat generation is zero), and the low temperature T C from the Semenov theory. For a safer battery operation, both the low and upper limit temperatures have to remain below the safety zone, i.e. T M < T E with T C < T E . The criteria are validated by implementing them on the ultrahigh capacity LIBs, which are subjected to the thermal abuse, wherein the rate of heat generation was determined from calorimetry. The state T M < T E indicates the first precur- sor to TR where a controlled measure can be taken to prevent the runaway. However, T E ≤T M regarded as the critical state during which a self-sustaining reaction involving delithiated nickel-rich cathode, in- tercalated anode, and dissociated electrolyte progresses, resulting in an irreversible TR in the system. The validity of the proposed criteria is demonstrated, while additional work is considered in a broad class of batteries subjected to thermal abuse conditions for establishing a safety margin of operation.

Evaluation of laminar turbulence transition flow over NLF-0416 and NLR-7301 airfoils simulation based on coupling turbulence model using Navier stokes solution.

Paper Summary: The correlation-based transition model has been developed to predict precisely the experimental data.the transitional computation in comparison with the fully turbulent simulation in the given case of airfoil flows, the significant improvements were obtained in drag prediction by usingfriction between the transitional computed and the experimental data were observed. In theairfoil with trailing edge flap. For the cases of flow over flat plate, good agreement of skin laminar flow airfoil NLF(1)-0416, S809 wind turbine airfoil and two-element NLR 7301 incompressible transitional flow over the flat plate under zero pressure gradient, natural Dhawan and Narasimha. The developed transition model was used to predict the transition calculated by using the intermittency function that is based on the work of pressure distribution of the Navier-Stokes solution as the input. Whereas the extent of onset and extent were calculated by solving a two-equation integral formulation with the method. The laminar boundary layer properties required for calculation of the transition linear stability theory, originally proposed by Smith and Van Ingen that is referred to the en based on Michel's method and Smith e9-correlation. The second method is based on the different methods were used. The first method is the Cebeci & Smith correlation which is was employed to determine accurately turbulent flow. To predict the transition onset, two correlations. The two-equation shear stress transport (SST) k-ω turbulence model of Mentermodel is based on coupling the turbulence model with empirical and semi empirical accurate prediction of transition onset is fundamental to the modeling of such flows. This the onset of separation and eventually on aerodynamic characteristics. For this reason, the Reynolds number, laminar-turbulent transition has an important role on skin friction andlaminar-turbulent transitional flow over single and two-element airfoils. 

Near-Infrared Responsive Coating Modified PLGA-Vancomycin Microparticles for On-Demand Trigger Release

Paper Summary: Controlled systemic drug delivery is a crucial tool in the treatment of life-threatening diseases, including cancer. A precise drug delivery system enables the optimization of treatments with minimal side effects if it can deliver medication only when activated by a specific light source. Throughinnovative design, these microparticles bring a new level of precision to drug delivery, marking asignificant leap toward adaptable, patient-specific therapies. This study investigates an innovativeapproach that combines precision with control by utilizing poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles(MPs) fabricated via the double emulsion method for the sustained release of vancomycinhydrochloride. In addition to the antibiotic, the microparticles were incorporated with a near-infrared(NIR)-responsive material, indocyanine green (ICG). Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis revealedthat the uncoated microparticles exhibited uniform shape and structure with minor size variations,whereas the coated microparticles displayed irregular surface features. Exposure of the microparticlesto NIR light (808 nm) resulted in higher drug release rates, with a formulation (denoted as PVI4) releasing more than 45% of the drug stored, significantly improving the antibacterial efficiency compared to those not exposed to light. To achieve on-demand drug release, the microparticles were coated with chitosan (denoted as PVI4-C), effectively stopping drug release in the absence of NIR exposure for up to 8 hours. As hypothesized, bacterial activity increased significantly in the absence of light exposure when using chitosan-coated microparticles, with colony counts exceeding 1,000. In contrast, NIR-exposed coated microparticles showed fewer than 120 colonies, underscoring the critical role of the NIR-triggered mechanism. The Zebrafish embryo toxicity model and alamarBlue biocompatibility tests demonstrated that uncoated PLGA and chitosan-coated PLGA microparticles are biocompatible and non-cytotoxic under standard conditions. However, exposure of the fabricated microparticles to NIR light (808 nm at 0.3 W/cm2) resulted in cell and embryo death. In conclusion, this study provides promising insights into the development of intelligent drug delivery systems capable of releasing therapeutic agents in a controlled, light-responsive manner, offering the potential for more efficient and targeted treatment strategies.

Light-Responsive PLGA Microparticles for On-Demand Vancomycin Release and Enhanced Antibacterial Efficiency

Paper Summary: This study develops a controlled drug delivery system using poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles (MPs) for the sustained release of vancomycin hydrochloride. The MPs were loaded with indocyanine green (ICG), a near-infrared (NIR) responsive material, and fabricated using the double emulsion method. DLS and zeta potential analysis confirmed increased size and surface charge reversal after chitosan coating. Formulation PVI1 showed the highest yield (76.67\% ± 1.3) and encapsulation efficiency (56.2\% ± 1.95). SEM analysis revealed uniform uncoated MPs (1–10~\textmu m) and irregularly surfaced coated MPs. Stability studies confirmed drug retention for 180 days. NIR exposure (808 nm) increased drug release, with PVI4 releasing over 45\%, improving antibacterial efficacy. Chitosan-coated MPs (PVI4-C) prevented drug release in the absence of NIR exposure for up to 8 hours. Without NIR exposure, bacterial colony counts exceeded 1,000, whereas NIR-exposed MPs reduced colonies to fewer than 120. These findings demonstrate the potential of light-responsive PLGA MPs for controlled antibiotic release, offering a promising strategy for precision drug delivery and improved antibacterial efficiency.

Performance Comparison Study of Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) Image Reconstruction Techniques Using Signal Quality Metrics and Real Hardware Data

Paper Summary: Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses electrodes measuring voltages to reconstruct interior conductivity patterns. This comparison is crucial in assisting researchers identify the best reconstruction methods depending on actual signal scenarios. Leveraging data obtained from hardware, it bridges the gap between the theoretical performance of algorithms and their actual use. Here, we offer a thorough benchmarking of five image reconstruction techniques based on finite element methods (FEMs) under carefully monitored experimental conditions: Back Projection (BP), Gauss-Newton (GN), Tikhonov Regularization (TR), GREIT, and EIDORS FEM. A 16-electrode round saline phantom, two multiplexers, an operational amplifier, a function generator, an Arduino Mega, and a DAQ for data gathering were included in the specially designed EIT system. In order to simulate a biological tumor, chicken breast tissue was placed within the phantom at eight different locations. The five algorithms produced a total of 160 image reconstructions using four signal excitation conditions for each position which are (10~kHz, 1~Vpp), (50~kHz, 1~Vpp), (10~kHz, 5~Vpp), and (50~kHz, 5~Vpp). We used several quantitative metrics, including contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index (SSIM), root mean square error (RMSE), frequency-domain Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), spectrograms, wavelet transform, and spectral temporal energy ratio (STER), to evaluate each method's performance and robustness. According to our investigation, there are notable variations in image fidelity based on the reconstruction technique and the signal circumstances. Back Projection exhibited artifacts and lower spatial resolution, whereas the GREIT and Tikhonov Regularization demonstrated the highest resilience and noise suppression. By combining simulated phantom scenarios with real hardware signals, this work provides a robust and practical benchmarking platform for evaluating EIT performance. Our results provide important insight into how the reconstruction approach and signal integrity interact, providing useful recommendations for system improvement in industrial and medical EIT applications.

Numerical Analysis of Aerodynamic Characteristics of Aeroplane Wing with Winglets, IRJET, vol. 11, no. 05, pp. 1601–1622, 2024, doi: https://www.irjet.net/volume11-issue05.

Paper Summary: This effort examined the potential of winglets on wings in aircraft for the reduction of induced drag coefficient and the increase of lift coefficient without increasing the span of the wings. In this study, the aerodynamic characteristics of an airfoil wing having winglets have been studied with the help of simulation software ANSYS Fluent. Here, the drag co-efficient and lift coefficient have been studied for different cant angles of winglets on aircraft wing. For the effort, subsonic flow of air will be considered over the wing. NACA 0012 symmetric airfoil is considered for the study. In this report, the preeffort for numerical analysis of the using and performance of winglets have been observed and also, the shape of the wing and winglets. From the study, it is observed that the lift to drag coefficient ratio exhibits maximum values for wing with 90° winglet. The values of CL/CD shows lowest values for normal wing. In the case of wing with 30° and 45° winglet, the values or curves seem similar with each other. Blended winglet will increase lift coefficient about approximately 42% to 49% and reduce drag coefficients. These winglet designs are capable of reducing the induced drag and converting wing tip vortices to increase thrust, saving costs by reducing fuel consumption, reducing noise levels and enhancing aircraft engine performance.

Design and fabrication of a helical vertical axis wind turbine for electricity supply, Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/

wjaets.2024.12.1.0205

Paper Summary: In an effort to find solutions for global energy crisis, an analysis on a helical vertical axis wind turbine was conducted with the consideration of renewables and energy efficiency. This study was carried out in two steps: the realization of the analytical calculation of a helical wind turbine power output which then informed the design and construction of the rotor blades. The paper particularly aimed to address its use as the electricity supply for residential properties or any other places with less ideal economy conditions. The uncomplicated and highly accessible mechanism using basic materials is to give people to have a viable option on their own electricity production. The world is increasingly going green in its energy use. Wind power is a green renewable source of energy that can compete effectively with fossil fuel as a generator of power in the electricity market. For this effective competition, the production cost must be comparable to that of fossil fuels or other sources of energy. The initial capital investment in wind power goes to machine and the supporting infrastructure. Any factors that lead to decrease in cost of energy such as turbine design, construction and operation are key to making wind power competitive as an alternative source of energy.

Aerodynamic characteristics comparison of two different types NACA airfoils through experimental analysis, Int. Res. J. Mod. Eng. Technol. Sci., vol. 06, no. 03, pp. 6240–6253, Mar. 2024, doi: https://www.doi.org/10.56726/IRJMETS51426

Paper Summary: Our study aims to investigate the optimal experimental performances of NACA 4412 and NACA 0015, as well as identify the most efficient airfoils among the models listed above. Our experiment employing two wooden airfoil models and Reynolds number is now complete.24 x 10.3 x 10^5 and.36×10^5, and used a wind tunnel to calculate the value. Using the values of the lift and drag forces, we were able to determine the lift and drag coefficients. Lastly, it can be observed that NACA 4412 outperforms NACA 0015 in terms of lift coefficient. Furthermore, NACA 4412 will perform better because of its high lift coefficient. Furthermore, it was discovered that NACA 4412 has a lower drag coefficient than NACA 0015. Forces have been used to find the lift coefficient to drag coefficient ratio. We also tried tapping one of our airfoil models, but the short distance makes it difficult to produce a graph

Design and numerical analysis of a high performance alpha-Fe2O3-XSX (0001) based heterojunction solar cells with ZnS ETL and CuI HTL using scaps-1D, Int. Res. J. Mod. Eng. Technol. Sci., vol. 06, no. 03, pp. 6154–6170, doi: https://www.doi.org/

10.56726/IRJMETS51698.

Paper Summary: In this research work, we simulate the photovoltaic (PV) efficiency using SCAPS-1D software. During the simulation process, we implanted defect densities (Nt) to each layer as well as the interface between the absorber layer and other adjacent layers. CuI HTL and ZnS ETL were found to play a promising role in minimizing non-radiative recombination at the interfaces by establishing a more auspicious band alignment with the absorber substrate. The value of layer parameters (such as thickness, NA, ND, Nt), Operating temperature, metalwork function of back-contact, etc. is varied with a decent range to find out the optimum PV performance of the proposed structure. From the simulation study of the proposed cell using the SCAPS-1D simulator, it was discovered that a lower acceptor concentration (NA) and comparatively thicker absorber layer performed better. For better results, a thick HTL layer and a very thin ETL layer with a high carrier concentration are also needed.

In this work, the simulated conversion efficiency (η) 18% to 37.2378% was obtained in the case of best suited Ni as back contact metal depending on the absorber defect. CuI and ZnS are required to become HTL and ETL, respectively, with the possible lowest absorber defect, for fabricating low-cost, high-efficiency, and non-toxic sulfur-doped α-Fe2O3-xSx (0001)-based heterojunction solar cells, according to the findings of this report.

Modification and evaluation of savonius water turbine for power production, Int. Res.J. Mod. Eng. Technol. Sci., vol. 06, no. 03, pp. 5260–5268, Apr. 2024, doi: https://www.doi.org/10.56726/IRJMETS51422

Paper Summary: As fossil fuels are decreasing day by day, renewable power turns out to be the main energy source. Anyway, the interest is still lower than expected. Among them, one of the newest energy-gathering techniques is changing the mechanical energy from falling raindrops into power. This task focuses on the small, creating power with the help of falling raindrops. The benefits of this paper are that it can help to add to minimizing the disadvantages of diminishing fossil-based fuels. Regardless, in the utilization of making power from the rain, the available head and stream rate is extremely low for the utilization of Pelton, Francis, Kaplan, or various kinds of water-driven turbomachines. This task revolves around the use of the developed Savonius rotor, which is mounted in an even circumstance to isolate energy from falling raindrops. In this examination, water is first stored in a tank before being conveyed like a stream of water onto a rotor. This rotor is unequivocally planned for this application and is an adjusted version of the Savonius water rotor. This instrument was used to generate a small amount of power. SOLIDWORKS was used to design the modified water turbine, which was then analyzed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in ANSYS simulation software. The performance is analyzed with the test variables of rotational speed, torque, power, torque coefficient, tip speed ratio, and power coefficient. Then the experimented values are compared with the numerical values to know the accuracy of the values. The output of the experimental value was 15.452 watts, and in the numerical analysis, it was found to be 16.501 watts.

Design and fabrication of a motorized multi-purpose mechanical cutting machine, Int. Res. J. Mod. Eng. Technol. Sci., vol. 06, no. 04, pp. 10113–10130, Apr. 2024, doi: https://www.doi.org/10.56726/IRJMETS52184.

Paper Summary: This paper clarifies the concept of the “Multi-Purpose Mechanical Cutting Machine “mainly carried out for industries which are production-based. The industries are basically meant for the production of useful goods and services at low production cost, machinery cost, and low inventory cost. Different types of manufacturing operations are carried out by separate machines which requires more time and space. So, in this paper, a multi-purpose cutting machine is developed that would be capable of performing different operations like drilling, blade cutting, hacksaw cutting, pressure cutting, buffing, and grinding operations at different working centers simultaneously. This machine executes various operations at the same time with applicable speed which is regulated by AC motor. It is based on the method of crank slider mechanism, power transmission through pulleys with v-belts and bevel gears. In this machine, a belt-pulley system was used for power transmission at different locations from the main shaft. The crank slider mechanism is used for hacksawing and pressure-cutting operations. On the main shaft, power is transmitted by a belt-pulley mechanism to the other shaft. The system is such that one end consists of a drill chuck having a drill bit for drilling operation and one end consists of an abrasive grinding wheel for the purpose of surface finishing & grinding operations. At another end of the two other shafts consist of a cutting tool and a buffing wheel for the purpose of blade cutting and surface finishing process used to shine wood, metal composites, etc. This machine was designed as a cartable one which facilitates us to perform various cutting operations at different working centers simultaneously as it is driven from a single power source. Different types of performance tests were done with various thicknesses of materials such as 12mm, 4mm, and 2mm. This multi-purpose machine can be used in small industries, remote places, and workshops because of having less human effort, low cost, reduction of floor area, less power usage, and time.

Performance analysis of finned single basin solar still integrated with a PCM based heat sink, Int. Res. J. Mod. Eng. Technol. Sci., vol. 06, no. 04, pp.10131–10138, Apr. 2024, doi: https://www.doi.org/10.56726/IRJMETS52185.

Paper Summary: One of the elements which decide the existence of all living things is water. So, every nation is trying to find a more reliable source of water. The main objective of this study is to increase the productivity and production time of a single basin solar still within the same structure. An experimental performance analysis of modified solar still (MSS) and conventional solar still (CSS) will be investigated. The design of MSS includes hollow porous fins on the absorber plate, phase change material (PCM); and paraffin wax in this case beneath the absorber plate. PCM will absorb heat in the daytime and release it at night; which will increase production time. Hopefully, almost free and a good amount of distilled water will be obtained. A comparative result of MSS and CSS will be investigated in the same climate condition.

Design, construction and performance test of a manual timber sawing machine, Int. Res. J. Mod. Eng. Technol. Sci., vol. 06, no. 04, pp. 10083–10094, Apr. 2024, doi: https://www.doi.org/10.56726/IRJMETS52183.

Paper Summary: This paper deals with the Design, Construction and Performance Test of a Manual Timber Sawing Machine. It does not require any specific input energy or electric power. In this paper, human power plays a vital role. This paper consists of a larger sprocket that rotates with the help of human powered pedal. The smaller sprocket is connected to the plane which is mutually perpendicular to the axis of the larger sprocket is rotated by using a chain drive. The smaller sprocket is rigidly supported by means of shaft and bearing support. The circular saw is mounted on the same shaft where the smaller sprocket is mounted. When the pedal is operated, a circular saw is rotated which in turn cuts the wooden block material. The main aim is to reduce the human effort for machining various materials such as wooden blocks etc.

The power circular saw machine, which runs on human power, works on the principle of the conversion of rotational motion in a mutually perpendicular axis. The importance of this paper lies in the very fact that it is green paper and helps us to reduce our electricity needs too. Secondly, this cutter can be used and transferred to our working place easily. Moreover, this paper is very effective for electric power saving in rural areas where there is no electricity

Design, construction and performance test of a pedal powered wood drilling machine, Int. Res. J. Mod. Eng. Technol. Sci., vol. 06, no. 03, pp. 6119–6129, Mar. 2024, doi: https://www.doi.org/10.56726/IRJMETS51421.

Paper Summary: This paper deals with the Design, Construction and Performance Test of a Pedal Powered Wood Drilling Machine. It does not require any specific input energy or electric power. In this paper, human power plays a vital role. This paper consists of a larger sprocket which rotates with the help of a human-powered pedal. The smaller sprocket is connected to the plane which is mutually perpendicular to the axis of the larger sprocket and is rotated by using a chain drive. The smaller sprocket is rigidly supported utilizing shaft and bearing support. A bevel gear is set with the smaller sprocket and with that another bevel gear is set at 90 degrees with that. With that bevel gear, a larger spur gear is set with the help of a shaft and then another smaller gear is meshed with that larger spur gear. With the smaller spur gear, a drill bit will be mounted for drilling. When the pedal is operated, the drill bit is rotated which will drill the wooden block material. The main aim is to reduce the human effort for drilling various materials such as wooden blocks.

This paper's importance lies in the fact that it is green paper and helps us reduce our need for electricity too. Secondly, this cutter can be used and transferred in the working place easily. The machine can produce 477 rpm speed at drill bit. The machine drills Chambul, Kerosene, Shirish, Debdaru, and Almond wood samples. Moreover, this paper is very effective for electric power saving and rural area where there is no electricity.

Renewable energy-based mobile weather update station, Int. Res. J. Mod. Eng. Technol. Sci., vol. 06, no. 03, pp. 6182–6192, Mar. 2024, doi: https://www.doi.org/10.56726/IRJMETS51711.

Paper Summary:  Monitoring weather plays a crucial role in human life, making the collection of data on climate changes imperative. This paper aims to develop a weather station to monitor climate parameters in off-grid regions. The project includes sensors for detecting temperature, humidity, rainfall, LPG levels, carbon monoxide, smoke, altitude, and barometric pressure. The Arduino gathers information from the sensors, displays it on an LCD screen, and additionally sends SMS alerts via a GSM module. Accurate weather updates are essential for successful planning in agriculture, fishing, and various other activities. Unfortunately, weather information often lacks accuracy for specific regions, relying instead on data from the nearest weather station. This project calculates and compares the error level between national climate forecasts and actual readings. It is designed to assist individuals in remote and off-grid areas who rely on weather information for their livelihoods.

Smart inclined flow technology for electricity production with existing drainage system in Dhaka city, Int. Res. J. Mod. Eng. Technol. Sci., vol. 06, no. 03, pp. 6171–6181, Mar. 2024, doi: https://www.doi.org/10.56726/IRJMETS51699.

Paper Summary: Energy plays an important role in human life, but it is hard to produce and costs a huge amount of money to execute. The fundamental aim of this paper is to develop a low-cost efficient energy source using Dhaka city drainage water by applying the water vortex method. This study is the analysis and design of a basin structure that can form a gravitational vortex watercourse. Such a high-velocity water vortex flow can be used as an alternative energy resource. In this study, we are interested in the formation of a water vortex flow formed by gravitation, which is a new technique in the field of hydropower engineering. The paper has been prepared making a special type of basin and the basin connects with the end of the drain at an angle. A rotor is implemented in the basin and the other side of the rotor connects to a generator which produces electricity with the help of drainage water. The advantage of this method for electrical generation is the capability of producing energy using Drainage water. It can be applied in a low-head mini/micro hydro power plant. Data were collected under incoming different flow conditions and basin configurations. The main finding of the paper is the production of energy depends on the amount of inlet water and outlet water. Due to the lack of a proper instrument, we can’t get expectation amount of voltage from our demo paper.

Design, Development, Experiment and Performance Benchmarking Study on Paper Helicopter Flight

Project summary: This study investigates the flight dynamics of paper helicopter through a systematic experimental approach. Paper helicopters, simple yet effective models, are used to explore fundamental aerodynamic principles such as flight time, air resistance, rotational stability, and descent velocity. By varying design parameters—including wing length, wing width, and base weight—we analyzed their effects on flight duration and rotational motion. A good quality phone camera captured the descent trajectory, enabling precise measurement of flight characteristics. Our results demonstrate that longer wing specifically rotor radius (lengths) and optimal weight distribution significantly enhance flight stability and prolong descent time. Furthermore, the rotational speed is found to be inversely proportional to the wing area. These findings provide valuable insights into the interplay between design and aerodynamics, offering practical applications in educational demonstrations and preliminary aerodynamic studies. The simplicity and reproducibility of paper helicopters make them an excellent tool for teaching fluid dynamics and experimental methodology.