S Amp;p 500 Index

The K-index, and by extension the Planetary K-index, are used to characterize the magnitude of geomagnetic storms. Kp is an excellent indicator of disturbances in the Earth's magnetic field and is used by SWPC to decide whether geomagnetic alerts and warnings need to be issued for users who are affected by these disturbances.

This chart updates every minute. The Estimated 3-hour Planetary Kp-index is derived at the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center using data from the following ground-based magnetometers: Sitka, Alaska; Meanook, Canada; Ottawa, Canada; Fredericksburg, Virginia; Hartland, UK; Wingst, Germany; Niemegk, Germany; and Canberra, Australia. These data are made available thanks to the cooperative efforts between SWPC and data providers around the world, which currently includes the U.S. Geological Survey, Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN), the British Geological Survey, the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), and Geoscience Australia. Important magnetometer observations are also contributed by the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris and the Korean Space Weather Center K-index Watches are issued when the highest predicted NOAA estimated Kp-indices for a day are K = 5, 6, 7, or >= 8 and is reported in terms of the NOAA G scale. K-index Warnings are issued when NOAA estimated Kp-indices of 4, 5, 6, and 7 or greater are expected. K-index Alerts are issued when the NOAA estimated Kp-indices reach 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9.

S Amp;p 500 Index

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The K-index quantifies disturbances in the horizontal component of earth's magnetic field with an integer in the range 0-9 with 1 being calm and 5 or more indicating a geomagnetic storm. It is derived from the maximum fluctuations of horizontal components observed on a magnetometer during a three-hour interval. The planetary 3-hour-range index Kp is the mean standardized K-index from 13 geomagnetic observatories between 44 degrees and 60 degrees northern or southern geomagnetic latitude. The label 'K' comes from the German word 'Kennziffer' meaning 'characteristic digit.' The K-index was introduced by Julius Bartels in 1938. SWPC has used the K-index since the forecast center began operations.

The z-index CSS property sets the z-order of a positioned element and its descendants or flex and grid items. Overlapping elements with a larger z-index cover those with a smaller one.

This is the stack level of the generated box in the current stacking context. The box also establishes a local stacking context. This means that the z-indexes of descendants are not compared to the z-indexes of elements outside this element.

Remember, the "best" index fund for an individual depends on personal investment objectives and risk tolerance--and relative performance will vary from period to period. Gather comprehensive details about each fund, including performance history and fund-specific risks to help make an informed decision. Additionally, it's always advisable to consult with a financial advisor before making investment decisions.

Index funds may be structured as exchange-traded funds (index ETFs). These products are portfolios of stocks that are managed by a professional financial firm, in which each share represents a small ownership stake in the entire portfolio. For index funds, the goal of the financial firm is not to outperform the underlying index but to match its performance. If, for example, a particular stock makes up 1% of the index, then the firm managing the index fund will seek to mimic that same composition by making 1% of its portfolio consist of that stock.

Index funds track portfolios composed of many stocks. As a result, investors benefit from the positive effects of diversification, such as increasing the expected return of the portfolio while minimizing the overall risk. While any individual stock may see its price drop steeply, if it is just a relatively small component of a larger index, it would not be as damaging.

Most experts agree that index funds are very good investments for long-term investors. They are low-cost options for obtaining a well-diversified portfolio that passively tracks an index. Be sure to compare different index funds or ETFs to be sure you are tracking the best index for your goals and at the lowest cost.

Index funds generally have low annual fees, and these fees, on average, have been declining over the past several years. As of the latest data (2022), the average fee for an index fund stands at just 0.04%, with several index funds offering even lower expense ratios. All else equal, you may want to choose the lower-cost fund if they both faithfully track the same index. (Actively-managed funds, in contrast, average 0.66%).

This calculator provides body mass index (BMI) and the corresponding BMI weight status category for adults 20 years and older. For children and teens, 2 through 19 years, use the BMI Calculator for Children and Teens.

Most of our Search index is built through the work of software known as crawlers. These automatically visit publicly accessible webpages and follow links on those pages, much like you would if you were browsing content on the web. They go from page to page and store information about what they find on these pages and other publicly-accessible content in Google's Search index.

Google also provides a free toolset called Search Console that creators can use to help us better crawl their content. They can also make use of established standards like sitemaps or robots.txt to indicate how often content should be visited or if it shouldn't be included in our Search index at all.

In fact, we have multiple indexes of different types of information, which is gathered through crawling, through partnerships, through data feeds being sent to us and through our own encyclopedia of facts, the Knowledge Graph.

These many indexes mean that you can search within millions of books from major libraries, find travel times from your local public transit agency, or find data from public sources like the World Bank.

The FAO Food Price Index* (FFPI) averaged 120.4 points in November 2023, unchanged from its revised October level, as increases in the price indices for vegetable oils, dairy products and sugar counterbalanced decreases in those of cereals and meat. The index stood 14.4 points (10.7 percent) below its corresponding level one year ago.

The FAO Vegetable Oil Price Index averaged 124.1 points in November, up 4.1 points (3.4 percent) from October after declining for three consecutive months. The increase in the price index was driven by higher world palm and sunflower oil prices, more than offsetting lower soy and rapeseed oil quotations. International palm oil prices rebounded by more than 6.0 percent in November, chiefly underpinned by more active purchases by leading importing countries and seasonally lower outputs in major producing countries. World sunflower oil prices also rose moderately, mainly supported by a continued steady pace of import purchases. By contrast, international soyoil prices dropped slightly on subdued global import demand, outweighing the impact of lower soybean production prospects in Brazil, while lingering abundant world supplies contributed to lower world rapeseed oil prices.

The FAO Meat Price Index* averaged 111.8 points in November, down marginally (0.4 percent) from October, reflecting minor drops in the prices of poultry, pig and bovine meats. At this level, the index value stood 2.8 points (2.4 percent) below its corresponding value one year ago. The drop in international poultry meat prices reflected elevated supplies, mainly from Brazil, notwithstanding the challenges to production stemming from avian influenza outbreaks across many countries. Pig meat prices were down due to persistent sluggishness in import demand in Asian markets and ample exportable availabilities in some exporters, despite a surge in internal sales in Europe ahead of the winter holidays. Meanwhile, ample exportable supplies from Brazil and Oceania weighed on world bovine meat prices. By contrast, ovine meat prices rose slightly, mostly reflecting the impact of currency movements.

Under the Index, human smuggling requires the criminalization of the illegal entry, transit or residence of migrants (by land, sea or air) by an organized criminal group for the purposes of a financial or material benefit. Activity in this criminal economy reflects all stages of the illicit activity, including producing, procuring, providing or possessing fraudulent travel or identity documents when committed for the purpose of enabling the smuggling of migrants. Although distinct crimes, human smuggling may turn into trafficking when the element of exploitation is involved.","short-description":"Activities by an organized crime group involving the illegal entry, transit or residence of migrants for a financial or material benefit.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":2021,"value":4.769430051813472},{"year":"2023","value":5.158031088082901}]}],"years":[2021,"2023"]},"1.1.11":{"name":"Extortion & protection racketeering","id":"1.1.11","description":"Crimes of protection and extortion linked to an organized crime group or groups that exert control over a given territory or market \u2013 either legal or illegal \u2013 include:\r\n\r\n\u2022 Activities of organized extortion, where the extortioner asks for money or other utility\/benefit in exchange for a purposefully fake, fabricated or real need for protection (with or without and extortion request)\r\n\u2022 Cartel racketeering, where an organized crime group acts as intermediary or mediator by handling external competition and solving disputes as gatekeeper by controlling access and exit to and from key markets\r\n\r\nThe definition does not include such acts when committed by state officials.","short-description":"Crimes linked to exerting control over a territory\/market including as a mediator and\/or requesting a benefit in exchange for protection.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":"2023","value":4.023316062176166}]}],"years":["2023"]},"1.1.3":{"name":"Arms trafficking","id":"1.1.3","description":"The trafficking of arms involves the import, export, acquisition, sale, delivery, movement or transfer of arms, their parts and components and ammunition across national borders, as well as intentional diversion of firearms from legal to illegal commerce, without involving the movement of items across physical borders. \u2018Firearms\u2019 refers to any portable barrelled weapon that expels, is designed to expel or may be readily converted to expel a shot, bullet or projectile by the action of an explosive, excluding antique firearms or their replicas, as per the Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC. \u2018Small arms\u2019 and \u2018light weapons\u2019 refer to a range of specific weapons, as outlined by the Small Arms Survey. Often the trafficking of arms facilitates the commission of\r\nother organized crime activities.","short-description":"The sale, acquisition, movement, and diversion of arms, their parts and ammunition from legal to illegal commerce and\/or across borders.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":2021,"value":4.919689119170984},{"year":"2023","value":5.209844559585492}]}],"years":[2021,"2023"]},"1.1.12":{"name":"Trade in counterfeit goods","id":"1.1.12","description":"Refers to the production, transport, storage, distribution and sale of counterfeit goods. Counterfeit goods are either deliberately and fraudulently mislabelled with respect to identity and\/or source, or fraudulent imitations of registered brands and involve the theft of a trademark.","short-description":"The production, transport, storage and sale of goods that are fraudulently mislabeled or fraudulent imitations of registered brands.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":"2023","value":4.981865284974093}]}],"years":["2023"]},"1.1.13":{"name":"Illicit trade in excisable goods","id":"1.1.13","description":"This market involves the illicit transport, distribution and sale of excise consumer goods, with the exception of oil (which is included under non-renewable resource crimes). An illicit market exists where the product is either transported or sold illegally (i.e. despite prohibition) or where the product is distributed outside regulated processes, the regulated trade market or the legal regulatory framework (e.g. for the purposes of tax evasion). This market does not include trade in counterfeit versions of such products.","short-description":"The illicit transport, handling and sale of excise consumer goods despite a ban or outside a legal market. Excludes oil and counterfeits.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":"2023","value":4.585492227979275}]}],"years":["2023"]},"1.1.4":{"name":"Flora crimes","id":"1.1.4","description":"Crimes related to flora involve the illicit trade as well as possession of species covered by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), as well as other species protected under national law.","short-description":"The illicit trade and possession of species covered by CITES convention, and other species protected under national law.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":2021,"value":3.878238341968912},{"year":"2023","value":4.05699481865285}]}],"years":[2021,"2023"]},"1.1.5":{"name":"Fauna crimes","id":"1.1.5","description":"Like flora crimes, crimes involving fauna species reflect the poaching, illicit trade in and possession of species covered by CITES, as well as any other species protected by national law. The Index also considers protected marine species, and IUU fishing falls under this category.","short-description":"The poaching, illicit trade in and possession of species covered by CITES and other species protected by national law. Includes IUU fishing.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":2021,"value":4.634715025906735},{"year":"2023","value":4.829015544041451}]}],"years":[2021,"2023"]},"1.1.6":{"name":"Non-renewable resource crimes","id":"1.1.6","description":"The Index includes the illicit extraction, smuggling, mingling, bunkering or mining of natural resources. It also covers any illicit activities related to the trade of such products, including price misinvoicing. The Index covers commodities including, but not limited to, oil, gold, gas, gemstones, diamonds and precious metals.","short-description":"The illicit extraction, smuggling, mingling, bunkering or mining of natural resources and the illicit trade of such commodities.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":2021,"value":4.505181347150259},{"year":"2023","value":4.751295336787565}]}],"years":[2021,"2023"]},"1.1.7":{"name":"Heroin trade","id":"1.1.7","description":"The Index covers the production, distribution and sale of heroin. Consumption of the drug, while not in itself a form of organized crime, was considered in determining the reach of the illicit drug market. Synthetic opioids are considered under the synthetic drugs category.","short-description":"The production, distribution and sale of heroin. Consumption of the drug is considered in determining the reach of the criminal market.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":2021,"value":3.9740932642487046},{"year":"2023","value":4.075129533678757}]}],"years":[2021,"2023"]},"1.1.8":{"name":"Cocaine trade","id":"1.1.8","description":"Like heroin, the production, distribution and sale of cocaine and its derivatives are covered by the Index. Consumption of the drug, while not in itself a form of organized crime, was considered in determining the reach of the illicit drug market.","short-description":"The production, distribution and sale of cocaine and its derivatives. Consumption is considered in determining the reach of the market.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":2021,"value":4.523316062176166},{"year":"2023","value":4.818652849740933}]}],"years":[2021,"2023"]},"1.1.9":{"name":"Cannabis trade","id":"1.1.9","description":"The illicit cultivation, distribution and sale of cannabis oil, resin, herb or leaves are covered by the Index. Consumption of the drug, while not in itself a form of organized crime, was considered in determining the reach of the illicit drug market. Recognizing the growing legalization of cannabis production, sale and consumption across countries, the Index focused solely on areas where an activity was criminalized and\/or where criminal groups were involved in the supply chain.","short-description":"The illicit cultivation, distribution and sale of cannabis oil, resin, herb or leaves. Consumption is used to determine the market's reach.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":2021,"value":5.098445595854923},{"year":"2023","value":5.339378238341969}]}],"years":[2021,"2023"]},"1.1.10":{"name":"Synthetic drug trade","id":"1.1.10","description":"As with other illicit drug markets, the production, distribution and sale of synthetic drugs are covered by the Index. Notably, synthetic opioids, such as Tramadol, as well as amphetamine-type stimulants, methamphetamines and Fentanyl are included in this criminal market, as well as any other narcotic included in the 1972 Protocol, Amending the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988. Consumption of such drugs, while not in itself a form of organized crime, was considered in determining the reach of the illicit drug market. Notably, \u2018substandard and falsified medical products\u2019, as outlined by the World Health Organization, have been excluded.","short-description":"The production, distribution and sale of synthetic drugs. Consumption is considered in determining the reach of the market.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":2021,"value":4.6217616580310885},{"year":"2023","value":4.950777202072539}]}],"years":[2021,"2023"]},"1.1.14":{"name":"Cyber-dependent crimes","id":"1.1.14","description":"Defined as organized crimes that are dependent on the use of a computer, computer network or other forms of information communications technology (ICT). These include the spread of viruses or other malware, hacking, distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, ransomware and cryptocurrency fraud. These activities are considered to be conducted for the purpose of obtaining a monetary or material benefit (as opposed to a political or ideological objective).","short-description":"Organized crimes that rely solely on using information communications technology with the aim of obtaining a monetary\/material benefit.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":"2023","value":4.55440414507772}]}],"years":["2023"]},"1.1.15":{"name":"Financial crimes","id":"1.1.15","description":"Refers to organized crime that results in a financial loss to the state, entity and\/or private individuals through one or more of the following activities \u2013\r\n\r\n\u2022 Through financial fraud: this refers to cases where money and\/or financial assets are obtained through deception, including, but not limited to, procurement fraud, identity fraud, mass marketing fraud, banking fraud, Ponzi schemes, etc.\r\n\u2022 Through tax evasion (including activities such as price misinvoicing) and abusive tax avoidance: this refers to the use of illegal means to avoid paying taxes. It occurs when the taxpayer either evades assessment or evades payment. When committing price misinvoicing, the profit-maximizing actor will either over- or under-invoice and the misdeclaration depends on the relative tax and tariff rates. Tax avoidance is to be distinguished from tax evasion, where, in the case of the latter someone acts against the law or abuses the letter of the law. By contrast, abusive tax avoidance complies with the letter of the law, but subverts its purpose (illegal abuse of tax laws).\r\n\u2022 Through embezzlement: this involves the fraudulent appropriation of property or money that someone has been entrusted with to use for their own benefit. It differs from regular fraud because the actor who takes the money or property has trusted and legitimate access to the valuables before they take them for their own use.\r\n\u2022 Through misuse of funds: this refers to the misapplication of funds from state, international or regional bodies for purposes other than those for which they were originally granted.\r\n\r\nThe aforementioned activities must be committed by an organized crime group for the purpose of financial gain or professional advantage. Such activities, when attributable to another criminal market under the Index, fall under that respective market indicator. For example, procurement fraud for logging contracts would fall under flora crimes.\r\nThe laundering of illicit proceeds and bribery are not included in this category.","short-description":"Organized crime that results in a monetary loss via financial fraud, embezzlement, misuse of funds, tax evasion and abusive tax avoidance.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":"2023","value":5.976683937823834}]}],"years":["2023"]},"1.2":{"name":"Criminal actors","id":"1.2","description":"","short-description":"An assessment of the impact and influence of a specific criminal actor type on society.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":2021,"value":5.091968911917099},{"year":"2023","value":5.187046632124355}]}],"years":[2021,"2023"]},"1.2.1":{"name":"Mafia-style groups","id":"1.2.1","description":"Refers to clearly defined, organized criminal groups. This typology also includes militia and guerrilla groups that are primarily funded by illicit activities. There are four defining features of a mafia-style group: a known name, a defined leadership, territorial control and identifiable membership.","short-description":"Clearly defined organized crime groups that usually have a known name, defined leadership, territorial control and identifiable membership.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":2021,"value":3.88860103626943},{"year":"2023","value":4.020725388601036}]}],"years":[2021,"2023"]},"1.2.2":{"name":"Criminal networks","id":"1.2.2","description":"Refers to a loose network of criminal associates engaging in criminal activities. This also includes relatively small groups that do not control territory and are not widely known by a name or with a known leader. Criminal networks are involved in illicit trafficking of commodities but do not have territorial control or any of the other defining features of mafia-style groups. In essence, criminal networks and entrepreneurs are defined by their failure to meet the defining characteristics of mafia-style groups.","short-description":"Loose networks of criminal associates engaging in criminal activities who fail to meet the defining characteristics of mafia-style groups.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":2021,"value":5.450777202072539},{"year":"2023","value":5.660621761658031}]}],"years":[2021,"2023"]},"1.2.3":{"name":"State-embedded actors","id":"1.2.3","description":"Refers to criminal actors that are embedded in, and act from within, the state\u2019s apparatus.","short-description":"Criminal actors that are embedded in, and act from within, the state\u2019s apparatus.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":2021,"value":5.756476683937824},{"year":"2023","value":5.953367875647668}]}],"years":[2021,"2023"]},"1.2.4":{"name":"Foreign actors","id":"1.2.4","description":"Refers to state and\/or non-state criminal actors operating outside their home country. This can include not just foreign nationals, but also various diaspora groups that have created roots in the country over multiple generations.","short-description":"State and\/or non-state criminal actors operating outside their home country. Includes foreign nationals and diaspora groups.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":2021,"value":5.272020725388601},{"year":"2023","value":5.536269430051814}]}],"years":[2021,"2023"]},"1.2.5":{"name":"Private sector actors","id":"1.2.5","description":"Refers to profit-seeking individuals or entities who own, manage or control a segment of the legal economy free from state ownership or control, that collaborate or cooperate with criminal actors as the driving force, willfully, through coercion or neglect. Activities include, but are not limited to, the laundering of illicit proceeds, acting as informants and legal representation through unethical means.","short-description":"Profit-seeking individuals\/entities who own\/control a part of the legal economy free from the state, that collaborate with criminal actors.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":"2023","value":4.7642487046632125}]}],"years":["2023"]},"2":{"name":"Resilience","id":"2","description":"","short-description":"Assessment of the mechanisms countries have in\r\nplace to combat organized crime, and the effectiveness of these measures.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":2021,"value":4.818005181347153},{"year":"2023","value":4.814335060449047}]}],"years":[2021,"2023"]},"2.1":{"name":"Political leadership & governance","id":"2.1","description":"Refers to the role a state\u2019s government plays in responding to organized crime and its effectiveness in doing so. Strong political leadership and governance indicate higher state resilience to organized crime.Governments orient citizens toward a state\u2019s stance on organized crime, championing its role in combating the phenomenon by laying the foundation to implement action. The platform in which anti-organized crime rhetoric is made reflects to some degree the level of prioritization of organized crime on the national agenda.Governance serves as a function of the relationship between the state and its governed populations. Leaders send messages that are seen as legitimate, and in turn unify society. People\u2019s confidence in those who govern them can be directly linked to conflict in a society. The presence of organized crime can tangibly reduce the capacity for governance and the legitimacy of the government in the eyes of the population. When there is no or little confidence in government, society can become unstable, creating (further) opportunities for organized crime to fill the void between the state and its populations.","short-description":"The State's role in responding to organized crime and its effectiveness. Strong political leadership\/governance suggests higher resilience.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":2021,"value":4.730569948186528},{"year":"2023","value":4.704663212435233}]}],"years":[2021,"2023"]},"2.2":{"name":"Government transparency and accountability","id":"2.2","description":"Refers to the degree to which states have put oversight mechanisms in place to ensure against state collusion in illicit activities \u2013 in other words, whether or not the state creates opportunities for the reduction of state corruption and to obscure the illegitimate control over power or resources, including resources linked to organized crime.As representatives of their citizens, governments are entrusted with powers to oversee and maintain the rule and order of societies. When this contract is abused, it both undermines citizens\u2019 trust in state institutions (which may lead to vulnerabilities to organized crime) and can imply state collusion in organized crime. Efforts to increase transparency, such as adequately resourcing anti-corruption measures, work to close opportunities in which organized criminals may exert their influence. Thus, the more transparent governments are, the more resilient a state is to organized crime.","short-description":"The degree to which states have put oversight mechanisms in place to ensure against state collusion in illicit activities.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":2021,"value":4.409326424870466},{"year":"2023","value":4.362694300518135}]}],"years":[2021,"2023"]},"2.3":{"name":"International cooperation","id":"2.3","description":"Refers to the structures and processes of interaction, policymaking and concrete implementation by countries beyond the national level in order to respond to organized crime. Strong international cooperation indicates high state resilience to organized crime.As organized crime is increasingly a transnational phenomenon, with actors and supply chains able to span national and continental boundaries, it is essential that states work together on a global scale to combat the threat.The ratification and (timeliness of ratification) of relevant international organized crime treaties implies state willingness to effectuate responses to organized crime, in line with international standards. These treaties are: The UNTOC and its three protocols The UN Convention against Corruption The UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1988 The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 The Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971 The Arms Trade Treaty CITESAt the international level, for states parties, these instruments constitute sufficient legal grounds to carry out response measures to organized crime. Such responses include cooperation in criminal matters, particularly mutual legal assistance, extradition, the transfer of sentenced prisoners and transborder asset confiscation. The presence of such structures and policies, and evidence of their effective use, implies higher state resilience to organized crime.","short-description":"A country's supranational structures and processes of interaction, policy making and concrete implementation to respond to organized crime.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":2021,"value":5.678756476683938},{"year":"2023","value":5.873056994818653}]}],"years":[2021,"2023"]},"2.4":{"name":"National policies and laws","id":"2.4","description":"International cooperation is an essential component to combating organized crime because it sets the basis for national responses. Thus, national policies and laws refers to state legal action and structures put in place to respond to organized crime. National organized crime strategies and legislation are adapted to the needs of the state, its legal tradition and social, economic cultural and geographic conditions. As such, the presence of these reflects higher state resilience to organized crime.","short-description":"A state's legal action and structures put in place to respond to organized crime.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":2021,"value":5.419689119170984},{"year":"2023","value":5.479274611398964}]}],"years":[2021,"2023"]},"2.5":{"name":"Judicial system and detention","id":"2.5","description":"Refers to a state\u2019s judiciary\u2019s power to effectively try to enforce judgments on organized crimerelated cases. The ability of a country\u2019s judicial system to do so depends on whether it is adequately resourced and operates independently and effectively at all points along the juridical chain.Although passing judgment on cases is its primary function, the ability to enforce is also an essential component of a judiciary\u2019s activities. Things such as evidence that key organized crime criminals are successfully prosecuted and, in particular, 148 Global Organized Crime Index - 2021 the degree of organized crime influence from within the prison system, are factors to consider in assessing a state\u2019s judicial capacity. Where the prison system is notably captured by organized crime, this should significantly impact the score.Thus, while having more resources and independence to pass judgment on organized crime cases implies higher state resilience, high impunity implies lower state resilience.","short-description":"Refers to a state\u2019s judiciary\u2019s power to effectively and independently enforce judgments on organized crime-related cases.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":2021,"value":4.5932642487046635},{"year":"2023","value":4.541450777202073}]}],"years":[2021,"2023"]},"2.6":{"name":"Law enforcement","id":"2.6","description":"Refers to the state\u2019s ability to investigate, gather intelligence, protect and enforce adherence to its rules and procedures regarding organized crime. As the front line of a state\u2019s criminal justice system, law enforcement and intelligence are often in direct contact with organized criminal activities. In order to bring criminal perpetrators to justice, the capacity of a state\u2019s law enforcement to combat organized crime rests on things such as whether it is adequately resourced, and whether the state has invested in law enforcement mechanisms that are specifically organized-crime-focused. It can therefore be said that higher law enforcement capacity makes a state more resilient to organized crime.","short-description":"The state\u2019s ability to investigate, gather intelligence, protect and enforce adherence to its rules and procedures against organized crime.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":2021,"value":4.9119170984455955},{"year":"2023","value":4.867875647668394}]}],"years":[2021,"2023"]},"2.7":{"name":"Territorial integrity","id":"2.7","description":"Refers to the degree to which states are able to control their territory and infrastructure against organized criminal activities, including border control personnel capacity.A country\u2019s physical location and geography may increase the risk of exploitation by organized criminal groups. As lengthy borders are less likely to be regulated, criminals are more likely to take advantage of the vast expanse by smuggling illicit commodities and people unnoticed. Moreover, the level of a state\u2019s economic engagement internationally, marked by things such as its port and airport infrastructure, can increase the feasibility with which to move goods and people (both legitimately and illegally) between countries.As such, the greater resources and structures put in place by states to manage their territorial integrity against organized crime, the higher its resilience.","short-description":"The degree to which states are able to control their physical and cyber territory and infrastructure against organized criminal activities.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":2021,"value":5.119170984455959},{"year":"2023","value":5.064766839378239}]}],"years":[2021,"2023"]},"2.8":{"name":"Anti-money laundering","id":"2.8","description":"Refers to a state\u2019s ability to implement legal, regulatory and operational measures for combating money laundering and other related threats to the integrity of its financial system. Profits that criminals make from organized crime are often concealed by being funnelled through legitimate businesses. Through the development of anti-money laundering mechanisms, states become more resilient to the threat of money laundering, which potentially underlies all forms of organized crime. The Financial Action Task Force is a policymaking body that has developed a series of recommendations that are recognized as the international standard for combating money laundering, the financing of terrorism and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. They form the basis for a coordinated response to these threats to the financial system. States are assessed through mutual country evaluations to determine their level of compliance with these international standards. The higher compliance, the more resilient states are to organized crime.","short-description":"A state\u2019s ability to implement measures to combat money laundering and other related threats to the integrity of its financial system.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":2021,"value":4.683937823834197},{"year":"2023","value":4.7072538860103625}]}],"years":[2021,"2023"]},"2.9":{"name":"Economic regulatory capacity","id":"2.9","description":"Refers to the ability to control and manage the economy, and to regulate financial and economic transactions (both nationally and internationally) so that trade is able to flourish within the confines of the rule of law. In other words, whether an actor has put into place and can effectively oversee the mechanisms that ensure economic transactions and businesses operate in a predictable, fair way, free from distortion, including criminal activities such as extortion and illicit taxation.When actors are able to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development, it allows for options and opportunities for legitimate, regulated business to expand. This, in turn, reduces the incentive for informal, illegal business to arise, or for criminal groups to unduly influence economic forces, through alternative regulation, extortion or criminal practice.States under protracted sanctions by the international community have been shown to develop illicit means by which to circumvent or soften the impact of those sanctions.The larger the number of sound economic regulations that are in place and the lower number of (and duration of) sanctions placed on a state, the higher resilience a country has to organized crime.","short-description":"The ability to control\/manage the economy and regulate transactions (national and international) for trade to thrive within the rule of law.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":2021,"value":4.678756476683938},{"year":"2023","value":4.668393782383419}]}],"years":[2021,"2023"]},"2.10":{"name":"Victim and witness support","id":"2.10","description":"Refers to the existence of assistance provided to victims of various forms of organized crime (for example, human trafficking, drug trafficking, extortion or fraud).Support mechanisms, treatment programmes for victims, as well as resources allocated to these initiatives create an environment in which citizens are able to recover more quickly from the effects of organized criminal activities.Moreover, initiatives such as witness protection programmes are essential, and often the only way to successfully prosecute organized criminals. The more such support programmes are put in place, the more resilient states are to organized crime.","short-description":"Assistance provided to victims of various forms of organized crime, including initiatives such as witness protection programs.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":2021,"value":4.238341968911917},{"year":"2023","value":4.2357512953367875}]}],"years":[2021,"2023"]},"2.11":{"name":"Prevention","id":"2.11","description":"Refers to the existence of strategies, measures, resource allocation, programmes and processes that are aimed to inhibit organized crime. While prevention considers mainly state initiatives, these frameworks often use a holistic approach to preventive measures through community outreach, recognizing that citizens that are engaged in prevention to organized crime help make the state more resilient.Through prevention, states can build safeguards to protect against organized crime by effecting behavioural change in vulnerable groups and reducing the demand for illicit activities. Thus, the more robust a state\u2019s prevention scheme is, the more resilient it is to organized crime.","short-description":"Refers to the existence of strategies, measures, resource allocation, programmes and processes that are aimed to inhibit organized crime.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":2021,"value":4.474093264248705},{"year":"2023","value":4.549222797927461}]}],"years":[2021,"2023"]},"2.12":{"name":"Non-state actors","id":"2.12","description":"From a resilience perspective, non-state actors play a role in responding to organized crime to supplement government care and by ensuring \u2018checks and balances\u2019 against governments to ensure resilience to organized crime. The nonstate actors indicator is also a measure of the degree to which civil society organizations are able and allowed to play a role in responding to organized crime across the spectrum, from victim support to crime prevention.Civil society organizations are engaged in local communities, where ownership of initiatives against organized crime is formed, leading to more sustainable response measures. Similarly, the media is critical in the role it plays holding governments to account and provides a voice for communities by mobilizing civil society against the threat of organized crime among local populations. Thus, the more civil society capacity a state has, the more resilient it is to organized crime.","short-description":"The degree non-state actors are allowed to engage in OC responses and their roles in supporting State efforts\/ as watchdogs to governments.","timeline":[{"values":[{"year":2021,"value":4.8782383419689115},{"year":"2023","value":4.717616580310881}]}],"years":[2021,"2023"]}}; var $crimesindex = {"1":{"name":"Criminality ","children":{"1.1":{"name":"Criminal markets ","children":{"1.1.1":{"name":"Human trafficking"},"1.1.2":{"name":"Human smuggling"},"1.1.11":{"name":"Extortion & protection racketeering"},"1.1.3":{"name":"Arms trafficking"},"1.1.12":{"name":"Trade in counterfeit goods"},"1.1.13":{"name":"Illicit trade in excisable goods"},"1.1.4":{"name":"Flora crimes"},"1.1.5":{"name":"Fauna crimes"},"1.1.6":{"name":"Non-renewable resource crimes"},"1.1.7":{"name":"Heroin trade"},"1.1.8":{"name":"Cocaine trade"},"1.1.9":{"name":"Cannabis trade"},"1.1.10":{"name":"Synthetic drug trade"},"1.1.14":{"name":"Cyber-dependent crimes"},"1.1.15":{"name":"Financial crimes"}}},"1.2":{"name":"Criminal actors","children":{"1.2.1":{"name":"Mafia-style groups"},"1.2.2":{"name":"Criminal networks"},"1.2.3":{"name":"State-embedded actors"},"1.2.4":{"name":"Foreign actors"},"1.2.5":{"name":"Private sector actors"}}}}},"2":{"name":"Resilience","children":{"2.1":{"name":"Political leadership & governance","children":[]},"2.2":{"name":"Government transparency and accountability","children":[]},"2.3":{"name":"International cooperation","children":[]},"2.4":{"name":"National policies and laws","children":[]},"2.5":{"name":"Judicial system and detention","children":[]},"2.6":{"name":"Law enforcement","children":[]},"2.7":{"name":"Territorial integrity","children":[]},"2.8":{"name":"Anti-money laundering","children":[]},"2.9":{"name":"Economic regulatory capacity","children":[]},"2.10":{"name":"Victim and witness support","children":[]},"2.11":{"name":"Prevention","children":[]},"2.12":{"name":"Non-state actors","children":[]}}}}; Global Organized Crime Index is an innovative tool designed to measure levels of organized crime in a country and assess their resilience to organised-criminal activity. Funding provided by the United States Government 17dc91bb1f