The Behistun Inscription (also Bisitun or Bisutun, Modern Persian: ; Old Persian: Bagastana, meaning "the god's place or land"), a multi-lingual stone inscription approximately 15 meters high and 25 meters wide, located on Mount Behistun in Kermanshah Province, near the city of Kermanshah in western Iran, was written by Darius I, the Great sometime between his coronation as Zoroastrian king of kings of the Achaemenid, or Persian, Empire in the summer of 522 BCE and his death in autumn of 486 BCE.
The inscription is approximately 15 m (49 ft) high by 25 m (82 ft) wide and 100 m (330 ft) up a limestone cliff from an ancient road connecting the capitals of Babylonia and Media (Babylon and Ecbatana, respectively). The Old Persian text contains 414 lines in five columns; the Elamite text includes 260 lines in eight columns, and the Babylonian text is in 112 lines.[3][4] A copy of the text in Aramaic, written during the reign of Darius II, was found in Egypt.[5] The inscription was illustrated by a life-sized bas-relief of Darius I, the Great, holding a bow as a sign of kingship, with his left foot on the chest of a figure lying supine before him. The supine figure is reputed to be the pretender Gaumata. Darius is attended to the left by two servants, and nine one-meter figures stand to the right, with hands tied and rope around their necks, representing conquered peoples. A Faravahar floats above, giving its blessing to the king. One figure appears to have been added after the others were completed, as was Darius's beard, which is a separate block of stone attached with iron pins and lead.
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The site was visited by the American linguist A. V. Williams Jackson in 1903.[13] Later expeditions, in 1904 sponsored by the British Museum and led by Leonard William King and Reginald Campbell Thompson and in 1948 by George G. Cameron of the University of Michigan, obtained photographs, casts and more accurate transcriptions of the texts, including passages that were not copied by Rawlinson.[14][15][16][17]It also became apparent that rainwater had dissolved some areas of the limestone in which the text was inscribed, while leaving new deposits of limestone over other areas, covering the text.
French Captain Pierre-Francois Bouchard (1772-1832), under Napoleon, found a black stone when guiding construction works in the Fort Julien near the city of Rosetta. He immediately understood the importance of the stone and showed it to General Abdallah Jacques de Menou who decided that it should be brought to the institute, where it arrived in August, 1799.
It ends by saying that it is to be made known that all the men of Egypt should magnify and honour Ptolemy V, and that the text should be set up in hard stone in the three scripts which it still bears today.
The Rosetta Stone is 3 feet 9 inches long and 2 feet 41/2 inches wide, and in very good condition. It is dark grey-pinkish granite stone (originally thought to be basalt in composition) with writing on it in two languages, Egyptian and Greek, using three scripts, Hieroglyphic and Demotic Egyptian, and Greek.
The inscription is approximately 15 metres high by 25 metres wide and 100 metres up a limestone cliff from an ancient road connecting the capitals of Babylonia and Media (Babylon and Ecbatana, respectively). The Old Persian text contains 414 lines in five columns; the Elamite text includes 593 lines in eight columns, and the Babylonian text is in 112 lines.
Yet, the ancient Egyptians were not the only ones to draw up their decrees in multiple languages. Other peoples and civilizations followed similar customs, leaving steles, inscriptions and other artifacts that have puzzled archaeologists. Below are the stories of several other Rosetta-like stones that, in their own way, advanced knowledge of ancient and historical peoples and their languages.
Understanding the Pygri tablets and Karatepe bilingual was only possible by deciphering the Phoenician language. To this achievement, thanks is owed to the Cippi of Melqart, stone pedestals discovered on the island of Malta in 1694, written in both Greek and Phoenician. They carry a dedication to the Punic god Melqart, who was the top god of the city of Tyre. In Ancient Greece, Melqart became closely associated with the legendary hero Hercules. These dedications helped archaeologists unlock the Phoenician written language.
Written in Pyu, Pli, Old Mon, and Mranma, the Myazedi inscription dates from A.D. 1113. It tells how one King Kyanzittha made peace with his son, Prince Yazakumar, on his deathbed after a period of warfare between the Pagan and Mon kingdoms. The four languages were carved in stone on different faces of a pillar at the Myazedi pagoda in Myanmar. Though the texts are not identical translations of one another, it helped to partially decipher Pyu, an extinct Sino-Tibetan language that was mainly spoken in modern-day Myanmar.
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Each unit includes four core lessons introducing reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills. These are complemented by Focused Activities that reinforce specific concepts, grammar, and vocabulary for that unit. At the end of each unit is a final Milestone review lesson, an interactive activity where learners will practice key skills and apply new language knowledge in real-life situations.
Upon completion of each unit, learners engage in a Milestone activity. This involves a two-way conversation with a pre-recorded native speaker, offering the opportunity to practice real-world conversations in a comfortable environment. 0852c4b9a8
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