Bioinspired Microswimmers: An Integrated Approach Using Biomaterials, Microfluidics, and Additive Manufacturing

A multidisciplinary framework for the development of bioinspired microswimmers for advanced biomedical applications. The study integrates sustainable biomaterials such as PLA, graphene, and Ocimum sanctum (Tulasi)–based biocomposites with microfluidic systems, bio-mechanical propulsion principles, and 3D/4D additive manufacturing techniques. The designed microswimmers mimic natural locomotion at low Reynolds numbers and are envisioned for applications including targeted drug delivery, minimally invasive surgery, and microfluidic diagnostics. The integrated approach highlights the synergy between material science, fluid mechanics, and biomedical engineering in next-generation healthcare technologies.

Bioinspired Ocimum sanctum–Graphene Helical Microswimmers: Sustainable Biocomposite Development, Fabrication, Modeling, and Microfluidic Evaluation

A multidisciplinary framework for the development of sustainable bioinspired helical microswimmers fabricated using a novel PLA–Ocimum sanctum–graphene (POG) biocomposite. The study integrates biomaterial engineering, material characterization, additive manufacturing, analytical modeling, and microfluidic evaluation to design magnetically actuated microswimmers for biomedical applications. Enhanced thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties of the biocomposite enabled the fabrication of flexible helical microswimmers through 3D/4D printing and injection molding techniques. Experimental microfluidic studies and analytical modeling demonstrated efficient propulsion under low Reynolds number conditions, highlighting their potential for targeted drug delivery, minimally invasive surgery, diagnostics, and environmentally sustainable microrobotic systems.

Future Research Directions for Intelligent Bioinspired Microsystems: Integrating AI, Quantum Computing, and Autonomous Biomedical Microrobotics

This framework outlines the future roadmap for intelligent and clinically translatable bioinspired microsystems driven by advancements in AI/ML, quantum computing, smart biomaterials, and autonomous microrobotics. The proposed research vision is structured into short-term, mid-term, and long-term objectives, spanning AI-assisted microswimmer navigation, advanced magnetic actuation, organ-on-chip systems, biohybrid microrobotics, and autonomous biomedical robots. By integrating digital twins, multiphysics modeling, and adaptive control strategies, the platform aims to enable precision medicine, targeted drug delivery, minimally invasive therapeutics, microfluidic diagnostics, tissue engineering, and sustainable healthcare technologies. The roadmap highlights a multidisciplinary pathway toward next-generation intelligent biomedical microsystems with global clinical and societal impact.

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